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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ferret Incisior, Canine, Premolar, Molar | 3 1 3 1 |
| Ferret Deciduous teeth erupt at | 14 days |
| Ferret Permanent canines erupt at | 48-52 days |
| Ferret Lifespan | 4-7 yrs (record 14) |
| Ferret – Males | hobs |
| Ferret – Females | jills |
| Ferret – Young | kits |
| Shed fur in summer and regrow haircoat in fall. Fur color and length can vary during year | Ferret |
| Long flexible neck and spine Can rotate 180 degrees | Ferret |
| Most ferrets are neutered and descented at | 6 weeks of age prior to entering the pet trade |
| Paired anal glands removed | Ferret |
| Descenting does not totally remove odor | Sebaceous secretion mild malodorous |
| Ferret os penis | J shaped |
| Ferret GI transit time | Short 4hrs |
| Ferret Pancreas | Insulinoma,Palpate,Partial pancreatic Removal |
| Ferret Small thoracic inlet | Dysphagia/dyspnea,Anterior thoracic mass,megaesophagus |
| Ferret Average normal temp is | 101.9 |
| Ferret Should have normal elevation of back | squink |
| To check Ferret Hydration | Scruff area not recommended (thicker) |
| Ferret EENT | eyes,ears,nose,trachea |
| Ferret Eyes | Juvenile & adult cataracts,Retinal degeneration |
| Ferret Ears brown wax | Normal |
| Ferret Heart rate | rapid180-250 |
| Ferret Pronounced sinus arrhythmia is | normal |
| Ferret Heart location | 6th-8th ribs |
| Enlarged spleen | common in older ferrets |
| Vulvar enlargement in spayed female Ferret | Adrenal disease |
| Hair loss progressive,symmetrical from tail to head past one summer which does not resolve | Adrenal disease |
| Very susceptible to distemper | Ferret |
| Distemper in Ferrets | Mortality approaches 100% |
| Distemper vaccine | Fervac,Purevacc |
| Many standard dog vaccines are based on | ferret cell culture and can cause distemper in ferrets |
| Have rabies vaccination protocol for ferrets | AL |
| Yearly with IMRAB 1 or IMRAB 3 | ferret vaccination protocal |
| Fecal flotation indicated in young ferrets | Coccidiosis,Giardiasis,Cryptosporidium |
| Geriatric Ferret is | >2 yrs |
| Geriatric Ferrets prone to | Lymphosarcoma, insulinoma, adrenal neoplasia |
| Renal Disease is common in | older ferret |
| True renal insufficiency in ferrets | uncommon |
| ALT – Alanine transaminase | Liver specific in ferrets |
| Clinical icterus | rare in ferrets |
| ALT/ ALKP | not reliably elevated in adrenal Disease |
| Glucose < 70 mg/dl in ferret | Insulinoma, septicemia |
| Insulinoma in ferret | CS stargazing and drooling |
| Hyperglobulinemia in ferret | Glomeruonephritis,Aleutian’s disease virus,bacterial,infection,neoplasia (lymphosarcoma), heartworms |
| Hyperestrogenism | Intact female ferrets |
| Flat Out Ferret Differentials | Hypoglycemia,Insulinoma,Sepsis,Adrenal Neoplasia,Ulcer |
| Enlarged vulva 89%,Enlarged prostate,Stranguria,Return to sexual activity,Alopecia 86%,Pruritus 40%,Lethargy,Muscle loss Ferret Adrenal Disease | Ferret adrenal disease Clinical Signs |
| Cortisol Baseline, ACTH stim, Dex Suppression | does not work |
| Estradiol,Androstenedione,17-hydroxyprogesterone | 96% ferrets w adrenal disease elevation in one or more |
| Prognosis for ferrets with adrenal disease | Fair to guarded – will require lifelong Management |
| Adrenalectomy | Considered treatment of choice |
| Primary hormone produced by the pineal gland | melatonin |
| Controls ferret breeding season | melatonin |
| Melatonin implant | Resolve clinical signs of adrenal disease 3-4 mo |
| Unknown effect on adrenal size or growth & Preferred to oral melatonin | melatonin implant |
| Melatonin implant Reduces | estradiol sex steroid levels |
| Insulinoma Signalment | 3-8 yr |
| insulinoma Clinical Signs | Depressed stargazing,Hypersalivation,Onset acute to chronic |
| insulinoma Diagnosis | Blood glucose <70 mg/dl |
| Insulinoma Medical Therapy | Prednisone,Prednisolone,Recurrent administration of sugar will cause signs to worsen |
| Insulinoma Surgical Therapy | Palpation of pancreas,Nodule Removal |
| Insulinoma Prognosis | Partial pacreatectomy (365-668 days),nodulectomy (234-456 days),Medical rx alone 22-186 days |
| insulinoma Potential recurrence | even with surgery |
| Lymphoma Signalment | 4 months to adult |
| Most common skin tumor of ferrets | Mastocytoma |
| 30% of all ferret skin tumors | mastocytoma |
| Mastocytoma | Usually benign best to remove |
| Mast cell tumor | pretreat diphenydramine (benadryl) |
| Sebaceous Epithelioma | Common skin tumor AKA– sebaceous adenomas or basal cell tumors |
| Malignant squamous cell sarcoma in ferrets are | rare sequella |
| Chordoma | Axial skeleton,Usual tail tip,Very invasive,Low grade malignancy,Poor prognosis if other than tail tip |
| Eosinophilic gastroenteritis IBD | Most ferrets >6mo old |
| Ferret Dental Disease Most Common | Periodontal Disease |
| Tooth pulp | does not extend as far in the ferret tooth |
| ferrets Normal stool is | slightly soft and formed, frequent defecation normal |
| Trichobezoars | Hair ball concretions |
| megaesophagus Adult ferrets | Etiopathogenesis unknown |
| Ibuprofen toxicosis Etiology | Prostaglandin inhibition,Altered renal blood flow,Ulceration of the GI tract, Platelet dysfunction |
| Ibuprofen Clinical Signs | GI signs2-6 hrs post ingestion,Renal signs2-5 days post ingestion,Vomiting,CNS depression,anorexia,diarrhea,melena,Seizures with massive overdose,Renal failure,azotemia,oliguria,anuria |
| Cardiomyopathy | Middle aged to older ferrets,Dilated cardiomyopathy most common |
| Splenomegaly | Commonly seen especially in older ferrets Stereotypical response to chronic smoldering inflammation |
| Splenomegaly | 95% are benign extramedullary hematopoiesis |
| Splenomegaly treatment of choice in lethargic ferrets | splenectomy |
| Helicobacter mustelae Ubiquitous disease | all ferrets infected by 2 wks of age. |
| Contributes to debility in older ferrets 10% will show clinical signs during lifetime | Helicobacter mustelae |
| physical destruction of gastric mucosa profound lymphoplasmacytic inflammation Associated with gastric ulcers Gross lesions usually absent | Helicobacter mustelae |
| Gastric Ulcers stress related, Rule outs | Campylobacter,Foreign body,Trichobezoar |
| Disease Mechanism Helicobacter mustelae | Chronic atrophic gastritis,loss of acid production,Bacteria damage mucosa via Direct cytotoxic effect to mucus neck cells,iInhibitory effect on parietal cell acid production |
| Helicobacter mustelae Diagnosis | Fecal occult blood, Anemia,Hypoprotienemia,Endoscopy, Radiographs,Pyloric biopsy |
| Infectious Diarrhea of Ferrets | Salmonellosis,Mycobacteriosis,Campylobacteriosis,Rotavirus |
| Lawsonia intracellularis | Proliferative bowel disease (PBD),Stressed animals,Diarrhea with blood streaking +/- pain on defecation,Tx with chloramphenicol |
| Rotavirus | Diarrhea of young ferrets,High morbidity/mortality,Neonatal kits 2-6 weeks of age,Low morbidity and mortality in adult ferrets |
| Distemper Etiology | Canine distemper virus –Paramyxoviridae–The young or old unvaccinated ferret–The ferret recently vaccinated with a canine approved MLV vaccine |
| Canine Distemper | 100% fatal in ferrets,12-45 day progression,Most commonly seen in pet store kits or as a |
| Distemper Clinical Signs | Fever (105 degrees),Mucopurulent conjunctivitis,Eyelids stick together,Blepharitis,KCS,Cutaneous rash,Hyperkeratosis,Pruritis,Death |
| Ferret Coronavirus Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis Etiology | Green slime disease,Corona virus |
| Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis | Highly infectious,Morbidity High older ferrets,Low in kits |
| Aleutian Mink Disease Parvovirus(ADV) Signalment | Ferrets, mink, many others |
| Aleutian Disease | Animals < 1year,ascending paralysis |
| Aleutian Disease | Resurgent disease in ferrets– new strain New outbreaks– approach 100%morbidity and mortality. |
| Aleutian Disease Virus Treatment | Supportive Care,No vaccine currently available,Virus may survive 5-10 months,This virus persists in the ferret for years |
| Ferret Parasites Coccidia | Young ferret 6-16 weeks of age |
| The big 3 Main emergency differentials vary by | species |
| Emergency Care Classed by | Size |
| Ferret Emergency Differentials | Cardiomyopathy,Dirofilariasis, Insulinoma,Ulcer Disease,Heat Stress,Enzootic Catarrhal Enteritis |
| The Flat out ferret Signalment | < 2 yr ferret Heat stress,Ulcer disease,> 2 yr ferret,Cardiac Disease,Insulinoma,ECE |
| Ferret GI Disease Foreign bodies | younger ferrets |
| Trichobezoars | older ferrets |
| Gastric Ulcers | Helicobacter mustelae– RX,Sucralfate,Metronidazole, Amoxicillin,Omeprazole/Cimetidine |
| ECE | Older ferret with history of exposure to apparently healthy younger ferret,– Low dose steroids after stabilization |
| Insulinoma Signalment | 3-8 yr |
| insulinoma Clinical Signs | Depressed stargazing,Hypersalivation |
| insulinoma Diagnosis | Blood glucose <70 mg/dl,Neoplasia,Septicemia |
| Ferrets are fairly easy to | intubate,Similar to a cat,Use very small 2.0-3.0 cuffed ET tube,Consider oxygen therapy in the dyspneic ferret |
| Vascular access Cephalic catheter | Mini-cut down |
| The flat out ferret is often in a severe state of dehydration Fluid therapy | 100 ml/kg shock rate,60-80 ml/kg/day for maintenance,Monitor, monitor, monitor |
| Avoid dextrose containing fluids | May upregulate insulinoma |
| Blood types not determined in the | ferret |
| Ferret Drug therapy | Extrapolated from dogs and cats |
| Ferret Cardiomyopathy use | cat dosages |
| Butorphanol is an excellent | sedative |
| Even the sickest ferret can be | coaxed to eat |
| Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculu | Lifespan 5-8 yrs + |
| Rabbits can’t | vomit |
| All teeth hypsodont | rabbit |
| Rabbit Infectious Disease | Pasteurellosis,Encephalitozoan cuniculi,Psoroptes cuniculi |
| Rabbit Physical Exam | Less is more |
| Central auricular artery Excellent for pulse in | rabbit |
| Anesthesia or sedation necessary prior to intubation in | rabbit |
| Vascular access in rabbit | Cephalic Distal limb tends to be draw toward the body and kinks the catheter |
| Lateral ear vein in rabbit | Small but easily accessible– Ear can be packed with gauze,Catheter easily tapes and stable |
| Rabbits prone to enteritis induced by | antibiotic administration |
| Drugs associated with dysbiosis in rabbits | Clindamycin, Lincomycin,Ampicillin, Amoxicillin,Amoxicllin/Clavulanic Acid,Cephalosporins, Penicillins,Erythromycin |
| What drugs can I use in rabbits | G+ sparing drugs,Fluoroquinolones,Aminoglycosides,Chloramphenicol,Sulfas,Metronidazole |
| Non Rodent Therapeutics Hedgehog, Sugar Glider | No or minimal hindgut fermentation |
| AVOID Hedgehog | Dorsal SQ Injections, IV Injections |
| Rodent Therapeutics Avoid | gram positive directed drugs Same as for Rabbit |
| Guinea Pig Need constant | source of Vitamin C |
| Flat Out Guinea Pig | Hypovitaminosis C,Trauma,Not eating,Bloat, dental |
| Rats Rattus norvegicus Lifespan | 2.5 – 3.5 yr (record 4yr) |
| Only Incisors hypsodont | rats |
| Flat out Rat | Mycoplasma pulmonis,Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis,Otitis media, Oculonasal D/C |
| Rat Vascular access | Ventral tail artery,Midline ventral surface of the tail |
| Flat Out Sugar Glider | Trauma,Hindlimb paresis or paralysis( Nutritional disease in disguise) |
| Flat out Hedgehog | Neoplasia,Neoplasia,Anorexia,Obesity,Hepatic Lipidosis |
| Chinchilla Chinchilla laniger Lifespan | 9-17 yr |
| Chinchilla are | nocturnal |
| Teeth/GI similar to rabbits | chinchilla |
| Chinchilla Big 3 Diseases | Fracture,Dental /GI,Fur Ring,Heat stroke( 65-80)Respiratory |
| Flat Out Prairie Dog | Trauma,Stepped on,Fall,Dyspnea– (Obligate nasal breather– Odontoma Enlargement of upper incisor tooth |
| Emergent Medicine of the Minute Hamster,Mouse,Gerbil | Less is More |
| Much of physical exam is observation | emergency medicine of the minute |
| Open collection– lateral tail veins (Coccygeal vein) | Gerbil,Mouse,Rat |
| Dilate lateral tail veins in gerbil,mouse and rat by | Wintergreen gel,Warm water,Heat lamp,tourniquet |
| Sampling Saphenous veins Courses on the caudal aspect of the leg in | small rodents |
| IV catheterization in small rodents 24-26 gauge use | Cephalic or lateral saphenous veins,Lateral coccygeal veins,Jugular cut down,Vascular access ports |
| Intraosseous routes in small rodents | Proximal femur,Trochanteric fossa,Tibia,Tibial crest |
| Flat Out Hamster | Tyzzer’s Disease,Proliferative enteropathy(Wet tail,Campylobacter like organism,Zoonotic,TX w tetracycline/antidiarrheals |
| Mice Mus musculus | 2 yr lifespan |
| Most mice die of | dehydration– Similar in hamster,gerbil |
| Flat Out Mouse | Trauma,Dropped,Attacked by carnivore,Squeezed /proptosis,Abscesses,Tumors,respiratory disease |
| Mouse Mammary Tumors | Adenocarcinoma, RNA retrovirus,Highly invasive, anaplastic poor px |
| Flat Out Gerbil | Trauma,Nutritional based disease,Prefer seeds,Tyzzer’s disease-(diarrhea,sudden death,Clostridium pilliformis)Tail slip,Epileptiform seizures |
| Gerbil Life span | 3 - 4 years– 2-3 average |
| Females tend to live longer than males | gerbils |
| gerbil Respiratory rate | 90 breaths/minute |
| gerbil Heart rate | 360 beats/minute |
| Normal average rectal temperature 102F | gerbil |
| Gerbil Puberty | 9-12wks |
| Fertile until 18 m for female and 24 m for male | gerbil |
| Estrus cycle 4-6 days | gerbil |
| Gerbil ovulation | spontaneous |
| Gerbil Gestation | 24-26 days |
| Form stable monogamous pair bonds | gerbil |
| Gerbils are | Territorial |
| In the wild, the female in estrus leaves the burrow and mates with a male of another territory Her offspring are then raised by herself and her brothers | gerbils |
| Cannot introduce other gerbils to the group after this – aggression Behavior | 7-8weeks |
| Friendly,docile, Rarely bite,May return to the cage if,they escape | gerbils |
| When excited or threatened gerbils | foot stomp |
| Does not sweat– Produced very concentrated urine3-4 drops/day Relatively large adrenal glands | gerbils |
| Thymus Persists in adults | gerbils |
| Gerbil Diet | Opportunistic vegetarians in the wild |
| Clinical Pathology Serumal Lipemia common– Both sexes, all ages– More common in males> 13 m– Addition of sunflower seeds to the diet | gerbils |
| Gerbils RBC lifespan | 9-10 days |
| Clinical Pathology gerbil Sexual dimorphism | Males higher |
| gerbils Lymphocyte:heterophil ratio | » Males 6.1:1 Females3.2:1 |
| The thorax is large for a rodent | gerbil |
| Internal parasites uncommon in | gerbils |
| Facial eczyma in gerbils | Sore nose, nasal dermatitis,Increased Harderian gland secretions,Erythematous lesions adjacent to nares |
| Tyzzer’s disease GI Tract– Clostridium pilliformis Gerbils are | very susceptible – Death with or without premonitory signs |
| Gerbil Fungal Disease is | rare– Dermatophytosis,Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp– Zoonotic potential |
| Viral Disease of the Gerbil | Has not been reported |
| Gerbil Parasites | Parasitism is rare– Pinworms,Syphacia obvelata, S. muris,Dentostomella translucida |
| Gerbil Ectoparasites | Demodex meroni– Alopecia, hyperemia,ulceration, thin scaly skin, secondary bacterial pyoderma |
| Neoplasia of the gerbil | > 2yr 8-27% |
| gerbils Most common tumors | – Female reproductive system, skin , subcutis– Tumors of the ventral abdominal scent gland– Melanomas of the ear, foot, tail base |
| Gerbil seizures | 20-40% incidence |
| Epileptiform seizures in gerbils | Spontaneous, reflex,Begin 2 months,spontaneously resolve at 6 months– Inherited Deficiency in glutamine synthetase |
| Intravenous Gerbil | Lateral tail veins 0.2-0.3 25-26 |
| Gerbil Therapeutics All rodent drugs are given | extralabel |
| In gerbils Avoid antibiotic associated enteritis | Dysbiosis,Clostridial overgrowth & enterotoxemia secondary to kill of natural gram positive flora from inappropriate antibiotic administration – Gerbils relatively resistant compared to hamster |
| Dysbiosis Treatment in gerbils | Guarded prognosis,Fluid therapy,Metronidazole therapy,Motility modifiers,Nutritional support,Transfaunation,Lactobacillus,Cholestyramine |
| Contraindicated drugs in the gerbil | Streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,Procaine– Direct toxicity neuromuscular blockade |
| gerbil Good antibiotic choices | Sulfa drugs,Metronidazole,Flouroquinolones,Aminoglycosides |
| Preoperative fasting contraindicated in gerbils due to | Limited glycogen stores |
| Rodents don’t | vomit |
| Perform a closed castration in gerbials because of | open inguinal canals |
| Treatment for tail degloving | Amputation of bloody stump recommended |
| Syrian Hamster Mesocricetus auratus– Golden,Standard, Fancy,Teddy bear or Black Bear,Lifespan | 2 yr– Solitary,pugnacious,nocturnal |
| Russian Dwarf Hamster,Siberian Hamster & Djungarian Lifespan | 1 ~ 2y relatively nonaggressive – Males attend young |
| Roboroski Dwarf Hamster Lifespan | 3-3 1/2 |
| Chinese Hamster,Striped dwarf hamster– Males larger than females- lifespan | 2y• Aggressive,solitary,nocturnal |
| European Hamster,Common black bellied or European hamster Lifespan | 8 yr |
| Largest of the hamster species-Guinea pig sized-VERY GRUMPY | European hamster |
| Female hamsters can run up to | 10km/night (~6mi) |
| Long haired hamsters must be | trimmed |
| Hamster are generally kept | solitarily |
| Hamsters like to | chew and escape |
| Hamster Diet Wild | mainly herbivorous,Occasional small vertebrates,insects,Seeds,shoots,root,veggies,leaves, flowers of staple crops:wheat barley,millet soybeans,peas,potatoes,carrots,beets |
| Newborn hamsters start | eating solid food at 7-10 days of age |
| Hamsters use Sebaceous Glands to | Mark territory & stimulate mating behavior |
| Hamster Anatomy Dental | Dentition– Like all rodents,One pr incisors 3 pr molars,Gap in between called diastema |
| hamster Incisors | hypsosdont,open rooted continuously growing– Not molars,Movable mandibular symphysis |
| Molars retain food causing | dental carries |
| Newborn hamsters have fully erupted incisors use in | nursing |
| Hamster Cheek pouch is for | Storage and transport of food and bedding |
| hamster Regurgitation, vomition is | unlikely |
| No presurgical fasting is required | Hamster |
| Hamsters can recognize individuals and receptive mates by | odor |
| Gender Determination Increased anogenital distance of the | male |
| Female hamster have | 6pr of nipples |
| Take out the male hamster | after mating |
| Hamster Litter size | 5-9 |
| Hamsters may bite | if roughly handled,startled awaked or injured |
| Hamsters are agonistic in general and bite sometimes | because they can |
| Do not surprise or startle hamsters Hamsters are | deep sleepers,wake them gently |
| Restraint hamster | Over the back grip |
| Physical Examination | Observational Examination |
| Physical Examination Padded surface | < 5 min,Oral cavity last,– Anesthesia (isoflurane) may be necessary |
| No rectal temp | hamster |
| listening to the rodent breathe as | useful as auscultation |
| RBC of adult hamster | Polychromasia,nucleation 2%– Castration Decreased RBC by25-30% Alleviated by tetosterone admin |
| Hamsters are Lymphocytic species | 60-80% WBC are lymphocytes |
| Clinical pathology hamster Hibernation | Decreased WBC – 2500 total WBC in Syrian– Lymphocyte:Neutrophils1:1 |
| hamster Post hibernation clinical pathology | – Neutrophilic leukocytosis 70-90% neutrophils Total WBC 10,000-20,000 |
| Hamster Serologic testing for viruses | Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,Sendai Virus,Mouse pneumonia virus,Hamster polyoma virus,Hamster parvovirus |
| Tyzzer’s Disease Clostridium pilliforme | Not a disease of the immunocompetent hamster– Increased mortality compared to mice & rats |
| hamster Proliferative Ileitis Wet Tail | Lawsonia intracellularis– Diarrhea any age hamster,Fluid support, antibiotic |
| Dysbiosis in hamsters | Iatrogenic– Overgrowth Clostridium difficile,Inappropriate antibiotic administration penicillin,ampicilli,amoxicillin,erythromycin,lincomycin,vancomycin,clindamycin,cephalosporins,bacitracin,oral gentamicin,tylosin,Dihydrostreptomycin, streptomycin |
| Hamsters are resistant to | Bordetella brochiseptica infection– Zoonotic potential to children– Clinical signs tachypnea or dyspnea,purulent rhinitis, sticky eyelids |
| Nutritional Disease in hamsters | If fed Inappropriate diets |
| hamsters are prone to | Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis |
| Miscellaneous Diseases of hamsters | Amyloidosis– Most common cause of death in the aged hamster,Hyperadrenocorticism |
| Cardiomyopathy | – Aged hamsters • tachypnea, lethargy, anorexia,hypothermic extremities |
| Viral Diseases of the Hamster | Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,Hamster polyoma virus,Hamster parvovirus |
| Hamster Other viruses Seroconversion but no clinical signs | Sendai virus,pneumonia virus of mice,Reovirus 3,Simian virus 5 Adenovirus and cytomegalovirus inclusions but no clinical signs |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus RNA arenavirus Rare disease of the | young hamster Zoonotic Clinical signs,Chronic wasting,Subclinical infection,Multiorgan inflammation,throw away enclosure |
| Hamster polyoma virus DNA Oncogenic virus | Neoplasms in young and adult hamsters |
| Young hamsters | Multicentric lymphoma |
| Adult hamsters | Trichoepithelioma |
| Hamster parvovirus | One of the few clinically evident parvoviral infections of rodents dec litter size,dome crania,potbelly,testicular atrophy |
| Fungal Disease of the Hamster | is rare,Dermatophytosis,Trichophyton spp,Microsporum spp– Zoonotic potential |
| Parasites of the hamster | Pinworms,Syphacia obvelata (rats)S. muris (mouse) |
| Ectoparasites of the Hamster | Demodectic mange Consider hyperadrenocorticism |
| Parasites of the Hamster | Hymenolepis nana– Dwarf tapeworm– Zoonotic Mice,rats,humans |
| Giardiasis,Cryptosporidia | Hamsters are susceptible to these parasites. |
| Neoplasia in hamster | Overall neoplastic rate <2% Aged hamster >2yr neoplastic incidence approaches 50% |
| Hamsters Most common tumors | Endocrine, lymphoreticular,dermatologic, gastrointestinal |
| Endocrine Neoplasia Adrenal cortex | Incidence 14.5%,increases with age |
| Adrenal neoplasia in hamsters | Carcinoma or adenoma |
| Reproductive Tumors in hamsters | Uncommon,uterus and ovaries |
| Ovarian tumors in hamsters | benign,but Gerbils malignant |
| Uterine aednocarcinoma is common in the | Chinese hamster > 100 weeks old (2yr) |
| Melanoma | most common skin tumor of hamsters,male hamsters associated with flank glands |
| Cutaneous mastocytoma | 10% incidence in Djungarian hamster |
| Hamsters are more susceptible to | dysbiosis than gerbils |
| Seek physical contact with others when housed in group | G.Pig |
| Vocalizations Chutt,chutter,whine,tweet,whistle,purr,drr,scream,squeal,chirp | G.Pig |
| Lifespan – 5-6 y | G.Pig |
| G.Pig Rectal temperature | 99.0-103.2 F(37.2-39.5 deg) C |
| G.Pig Heart rate | 240-310 beats/min |
| Don’t tolerate change well | G.Pig |
| Food preferences are determined early in life | G.Pig |
| May refuse to eat food if shape, type presentation is changed after 6 m of age | G.Pig |
| Obesity is relatively common in pets | G.Pig |
| Wild cavies feed at dawn and dusk | G.Pig |
| Diet Purely herbivorous | G.Pig |
| Expose to a variety of foodstuffs, sizes and types while young to avoid problems later | G.Pig |
| G.Pigs Require | Vitamin C |
| Lack the enzyme L -gulonolactase oxidase Converts glucose to ascorbic | G.Pig |
| Large amount of feces,Defecate in food and water containers | G.Pig |
| Guinea Pig Dental Incisors,premolars & molars | continuously grow hypsodont |
| 2(1/1 I, 0/0 C,1/1PM, 3/3M) | G.Pig |
| Incisors normally white Unlike other rodents | Guinea Pig |
| Diastema | Gap between the incisors and the cheek teeth |
| Long colon About 60% of intestine | G.Pig |
| Lactobacillus– normal flora | G.Pig |
| Coprophagic | G.Pig |
| Normal gastric emptying time– 2hr | G.Pig |
| GI transit– 13-30 hr– Average 20 hr– 66 hours with coprophagy | Guinea Pig |
| Inguinal nipples both genders | G.Pig |
| Open inguinal ring May retract testicle into abdomen Closed castration preferred | Guinea Pig |
| Sexual Maturity – Males 3m, Females 2m | G.Pig |
| Nonseasonally polyestrous, breed year round in captivity 15-17 day cycle Spontaneous ovulation | G.Pig |
| Pet animals can reproduce until they are 4-5y old | Guinea Pig |
| Proestrus Active, chase their cage mates,Sway the hindquarters | G.Pig |
| Copulation is confirmed by finding of a copulatory plug | Guinea Pig |
| Litter Size 1-13 (2-4 is usual)3-5 litters/year,Young born fully furred & eyes open | G.Pig |
| Most are docile and easily handled | G.Pig |
| Flight or freeze instead of flight or fight | G.Pig |
| Venipuncture Metatarsal vein,Saphenous vein,Cranial vena cava | G.Pig |
| Hypercholesterolermia Common in | G.Pig |
| Kurloff cell | Leukocyte unique to the Guinea Pig & capybara |
| Kurloff cells are highest in | females during pregnacy |
| The predominant circulating leukocyte in healthy guinea pigs is the | lymphocyte,basophils are rarely observed |
| Therapeutics Parenteral SQ (upper back), IM (lumbar muscles) | G.Pig |
| Antibiotic associated enterotoxemia AKA Dysbiosis in G.Pig | Penicillin,ampicillin, Chlortetracycline, tetracycline, Clindamycin,erythromycin,lincomycin |
| Appropriate antibiotic choices for the Guinea pig | Sulfa drugs,Flouroquinolones,Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides,Cefazolin parenterally |
| G.Pig Diseases Scurvy | Hypovitaminosis C |
| G.Pig Enteritis | Salmonellosis,Dysbiosis |
| Need constant source Vitamin C one of few mammals including humans | G.Pig |
| Signs of Hypovitaminosis C | Break down of connective tissue including bone, blood, skin |
| G.Pig Parasites | Cryptosporidium wrairi,Eimeria caviae,Balantidium caviae,Paraspidodera uncinata(roundworm) |
| Virus in G.Pig | Possible corona virus |
| Prone to tooth overgrowth similar to horses | G.Pig |
| Guinea Pig Diseases | Pneumonia(Bacterial)Bordetella bronchiseptica,Streptococcus pneumonia,S.moniliformis,• Haemophilus spp. |
| G.Pig Neoplasia | Bronchogenic pulmonary carcinoma is common |
| Pregnancy Toxemia Primiparous, obese sows,final 2 weeks of pregnancy | G.Pig |
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