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Chapter 1

Introduction to Anthropology

TermDefinition
Customs A cultural group’s outward signs, including rituals and traditions, that reflect the group’s values and strengthen its sense of identity.
Values The underlying core principles of a cultural group that explain its worldview and guide its behaviors.
Culture The entire collective system of a group’s underlying values and outward customs taken together to effectively identify a group’s community members.
Cultural Anthropology The field of study dedicated to understanding humans and their societies, including organization, beliefs, values, and customs.
Other A term originally coined by philosophers. The “other” is a catch-all description that social scientists use to define someone who does not fit into one’s cultural group.
Community A group of individuals who come together for a common purpose and who then pass their shared customs and values onto the next generation.
Socialization The process by which children learn their cultures by observing and interacting with the adults of the group.
Acculturation The process by which an individual adopts the cultural characteristics of a group other than his or her own.
Anthropology The field of study seeking to understand humans both past and present. It is made up of four branches: archaeology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology.
Archaeology The scientific study of humans and culture based on evidence left behind by those groups.
Artifact An item that was made, used, or changed by humans and is often uncovered during excavation at an archaeological site.
Prehistoric Relating to the period of time from where there are no written records; it is the era chronologically prior to “history.”
Historic Relating to the period of time during which civilizations left written records; it is the era chronologically after “history.”
Biological Anthropology The scientific study of the physicality of humankind, including modern man’s anatomical relationship with other extant and extinct hominids.
Indigenous A term used to describe a native group of people who originally inhabited an area before the era of colonization that began in the 15th century; they were previously called “aboriginal.”
Linguistic Anthropology The field of study that examines the interplay between people and how they use language to communicate.
Subculture A smaller unit within a cultural group that differentiates itself based on some unique identifying factor.
Rituals A specific category of customs that directly and outwardly realize a belief or value of a cultural group.
Cultural Universals Values that have been shared by all human societies, past and present, around the world.
Rite of Passage A symbolic and systemized ritual used to mark advancement of an individual to a higher status in his or her community.
Religion A collection of beliefs and practices that explain a cultural group’s understanding of the universe and its relation to it.
Armchair Anthropologists Scholars who rely on others’ first-hand accounts of cultural groups rather than observing or immersing themselves in the foreign culture.
Unilineal Social Evolution A popular 19th century theory among European and American anthropologists that explained that a human society must move exactly from savagery to barbarism to civilization.
Multilineal Social Evolution The idea that a human society can move freely into whatever style of sociopolitical organization suits it best, given its environment.
Matriliny Tracing family lineage, property ownership, and other valuable elements of cultural organization through the females of the society.
Ethology A subfield of anthropology that analyzes and compares the cultures of living human groups today.
Cultural Relativism The principle that argues that an outsider must view others’ customs and values inside the context of that group’s own culture.
Cultural Immersion The process by which an outsider gains personal experience in the customs and values of a foreign group by surrounding him- or herself in that group’s cultural elements.
Ethnocentrism Believing that your own ethnic or cultural group is inherently superior to all other groups.
Created by: sierraiiams6556
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