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antimicro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Beta lactams |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Penicillins |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Cephalosporins |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Bacitracin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Vancomycin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Cycloserine |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell membrane: cationic drugs that alter membrane permeability | Polymyxin B,Colistin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with protein synthesis acting on the 30S ribosomal subunit | Tetracyclines,Aminoglycosides |
| Acting on the 50S ribosomal subunit | Chloramphenicol , |
| Acting on the 50S ribosomal subunit | Macrolides |
| Acting on the 50S ribosomal subunit | Lincomycin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with nucleic acids | Flouroquinolones |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with nucleic acids | Rifampin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with nucleic acids | Metronidazole (inhibits RNA synthesis) |
| Broad spectrum | Tetracyclines |
| Broad spectrum | Chloramphenicol and derivstives |
| Broad spectrum | Macrolides and lincomycins |
| Broad spectrum | Flouroquinolones |
| Broad spectrum | Sulfonamides |
| Narrow spectrum | Beta-lactams |
| Narrow spectrum | Aminoglycosides |
| Narrow spectrum | Polymyxin B and colistin |
| All protein inhibitors are bacteriostatic with the exception of | aminoglycosides |
| A combination of bacteriostatic agents can produce | additive effect |
| A combination of bactericidal drugs can act | synergistic |
| A combination of a bactericidal and a bacteriostatic drug is usually | antagonistic. |
| It is pointless to administer two different drugs that act at the same target site | This may also perpetuate cross resistance. |
| SULFONAMIDES | These drugs are PABA agonists. |
| Sulfonamides competitively inhibit the enzymatic step catalyzed by | Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfacetamide |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethazole |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfathiazole |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfisoxazole |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Trisulfapyrimidine (triple sulfas) |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfadimethoxine |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfisoxazole |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethoxazole |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfapyridine |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfachlorpyridine |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethazine |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfadimethoxine |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethazine (sustained release preparations in cattle) |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethylphenazole |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfaethoxypyridazine |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Succinylsulfathiazole |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Sulfasalazine (colitis in dogs) |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Sulfaquinoxaline (coccidial infections in poultry) |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Sulfaguanidine |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Phthalylsulfathiazole (sulfathalidine) |
| Topical sulfonamides | Silver sulfadiazine,Mafenide |
| Ophthalmic sulfonamides | Sulfacetamide |
| pKa and protein binding | are the two most important factors involved in the distribution of sulfonamides. |
| Acetylation (in the liver/lung) | is the major pathway of metabolism for sulfonamides |
| Dogs | are unable to acetylate sulfonamides to a significant degree. |
| Adverse effects of sulfonamides are classified as being | immunologic or non-immunologic: |
| Keratoconjuctivitis (KCS) | hypersensitivity reaction, most commonly in small dogs. |
| Hepatic necrosis | may be due to hypersensitivity. |
| sulfonamides can precipitate in the | glomerular filtrate of the kidney, Animals should be kept hydrated to keep urine flowing and urine should be alkalized. |
| DIAMINOPYRIMIDINES | Reversibly bind and inhibit dihydrofolate reductase. |
| Diaminopyrimidines used in veterinary medicine | Trimethoprim,Oneotoprim,Pyrimethamine |
| Given in combination with sulfonamides to form potentiated sulfonamides | diaminopyrimidines |
| Potentiated sulfonamides can | penetrate the CSF and cross the BBB. These drugs can also cross the placenta and are distributed in milk. |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Penicillins |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Cephalosporins |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Cephamycins |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Carbapenms (e.g. imipenem) |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Monobactams (e.g. aztreonam) |
| Beta-lactam antibiotics exert bactericidal activity by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis via inhibition of | transpetidase enzyme. |
| The Susceptibility of bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics depends on | Production of beta-lactamase enzyme,Permeability of cell wall,Reduced sensitivity of penicillin binding protein |
| Natural penicillins | narrow spectrum |
| Penicillin G | only parenteral administration, hydrolyzed in stomach |
| Penicillin V | can be given orally |
| Compounds with good oral absorption (acid stable) | Cloxacillin,Oxacillin,Dicloxacillin |
| Compounds with poor oral absorption | Nafcillin,Methicillin |
| Broad-spectrum (beta-lactamase sensitive) penicillins (aminopenicillins) that are acid stable | often administered with beta lactamase inhibitors |
| Procaine penicillin G | should never be administered IV, because it will affect the cardiac conduction system. |
| Penicillins are excreted by the kidneys by glomerular filtration and attain high concentrations in the urine The exception is | Naficillin which is excreted mainly by bile. |
| Cephalosporins | are classified based on their antimicrobial spectrum |
| First generation cephalosporins | highest activity against gram-positive bacteria |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cefadroxil (oral) |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cefazilin (parenteral) |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cephalexin (oral) |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cephalothin (parenteral) |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cephapirin (oral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | more effective than the first generation against gram-negative bacteria |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefaclor (oral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefamandole (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefmetazole (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefonicid (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefotetan (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefoxitin (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefprozil (oral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefuroxime (oral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | have the best gram-negative activity |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Cefixime (oral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Cefoperazone (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Cefotaxime (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Cetiofur (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Ceftazidime (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Ceftizoxime (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Ceftriaxone(parenteral) |
| Cetiofur | has been called a “new generation” cephalosporin. Not as effective against Pseudomonas. Active against beta-lactamase producing strains as well as anaerobes. It is rapidly metabolized to desfuroylcetiofur |
| Indicated for treatment of respiratory tract infections in cattle and pigs, urinary infections in dogs, and pleuritis/peritonitis in horses as well as E. coli infections in poultry | cetiofur |
| Cefuroxime (2nd gen.) | can adequately penetrate into CSF, so can ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidine and cefizoxime (all 3rd gen.). |
| Cephalosporins are mainly excreted by | kidneys (except ceftriaxone and cefoperazone which are excreted by bile). |
| Other beta-lactam antibiotics | Clavulanic acid: blocks thebeta-lactamase binding site to protect penicillin |
| Monobactams (e.g. aztreonam) | can be used in penicillin allergic patients |
| Inhibitors acting at the 30S ribosomal subunit | Aminoglycosides,Tetracyclines |
| Inhibitors acting at the 50S ribosomal subunit | Macrolides,Lincosamides,Chloramphenicol derivatives |
| AMINOGLYCOSIDES | Active against aerobic gram-negative infections; bactericidal in action (all other protein synthesis inhibitors are bacteriostatic) |
| Common aminoglycosides | Streptomycin |
| Common aminoglycosides | Neomycin (topical) |
| Common aminoglycosides | Kanamycin |
| Common aminoglycosides | Gentamicin (accumulates in renal proximal tubule) |
| Common aminoglycosides | Amikacin |
| Common aminoglycosides | Tobramycin |
| Common aminoglycosides | Paromycin (wide spectrum, GIT) |
| Anaerobic bacteria are resistant to | aminoglycosides. |
| The post-anbiotic effect is | a persistant suppression of bacterial growth continued after treatment (*single dosing method). |
| Aminoglycosides concentrate in | the perilymph of the inner ear and renal cortex. |
| Aminoglycosides | are not metabolized |
| Aminoglycosides Adverse effect | Nephrotoxicity (ATN!) |
| Aminoglycosides Adverse effect | Ototoxicity |
| Aminoglycosides Adverse effect | Neuromuscular blockade |
| Type I antimicrobials, the ideal dosing regimen would | maximize the concentration. |
| TETRACYCLINES | Broad spectrum antibiotics that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Enters the cell via an energy dependent process across the inner cytoplasmic membrane (exception: doxycycline enters the cell exclusively by passive transport) |
| Tetracyclines interfere with | the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA molecule/ribosome complex, thus interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. |
| Common tetracyclines | Chlortetracycline |
| Common tetracyclines | Tetracycline |
| Common tetracyclines | Oxytetracycline |
| Common tetracyclines | Minocycline |
| Common tetracyclines | Doxycycline |
| Oxytetracycline | is the drug of choice for treating equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever). |
| Tetracyclines are effective against | penicillinase resistant strains of S. aureus. They are not effective against P. aeuruginosa. |
| Tetracyclines | chelate easily with calcium, therefore, do not give these drugs with dairy products or antacids. |
| The high protein binding nature of | doxycycline (80-90%) allows it to have a long half life in circulation. Oxytetracyline |
| With the exception of doxycyline and minocycline | tetracycline are NOT metabolized to a significant extent in the body |
| Minocycline is metabolized by | the cytochrome P450 pathway in the liver into inactive metabolites. |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | GI upset |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Hepatotoxicity |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Painful IM administration |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Rapid IV administration can cause collapse of patient due to chelation of calcium in the blood, thus decreasing the availability of it for the heart. |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Anaphylactic shock |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Alteration of GI microflora, ***NEVER give Doxycycline to a horse (upset GI flora death) |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Phototoxicity (dermatitis) |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Renal tubular damage |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Tooth mottling/discoloration |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Super-infections |
| CHLORAMPHENICOL AND DERIVATIVES | Inhibit the bacterial enzyme peptidyl transferase at the 50S ribosomal sub-unit. |
| Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes are similar to bacterial ribosomes (both are 70S), and in consequence these drugs can inhibit mammalian protein synthesis | CHLORAMPHENICOL AND DERIVATIVES |
| CHLORAMPHENICOL AND DERIVATIVES | Can cause dose-dependent bone marrow suppression (especially in cats). |
| Chloramphenicol and macrolides | share similar target sites and act by competition, thus, these drugs should not be administered together because they will cause bacterial antagonism. |
| Chloramphenicol | is a broad spectrum antibiotic, effective against anaerobes, but not effective against Pseudomonas. |
| Chloramphenicol concentration in the CSF is | approximately 50% of that in the corresponding plasma. CHLORAMPHENICOL AND DERIVATIVES |
| Cats metabolize more slowly due to deficiency in glucoronidase enzyme. These drugs can lead to toxicity in cats and young animals | chloramphenicol |
| chloramphenicol Adverse effects | Dose related bone marrow suppression |
| In humans aplastic anemia may occur | Chloramphenicol |
| Chloramphenicol | It is not related to dose or duration of therapy (the nitroreduction product, nitrosochloramphenicol, is what triggers the stem cell damage |
| thiamphenicol and floramphenicol | DO NOT have the para-nitro group and therefore do not induce this effect) |
| Chloramphenicol | is prohibited for use in food producing animals by the FDA. |
| MACROLIDES | Reversibly binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Enhanced by a high pH and suppressed by a low pH. |
| Common macrolides | Erythromycin (other macrolides are synthesized from this one) |
| Common macrolides | Tilmicosin |
| Common macrolides | Tylosin |
| Common macrolides | Tiamulin |
| Common macrolides | Azithromycin |
| Common macrolides | Clarithromycin |
| Common macrolides | Drugs of choice for treating Campylobacter infections. |
| Common macrolides | Used to treat respiratory infections. |
| Common macrolides Adverse effects | Regurgitation/vomiting (small animals) |
| Common macrolides Adverse effects | Severe diarrhea (calves) |
| Common macrolides Adverse effects | In foals, mild self-limiting diarrhea may develop. In adult horses, severe diarrhea may result. |
| IV administration of tilmicosin | produces cardiotoxicity in all species due to depletion of intracellular calcium. |
| Tylosin | administration to horses, by any route can be FATAL! |
| LINCOSAMIDES | Lincomycin,Clindamycin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Beta lactams |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Penicillins |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Cephalosporins |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Bacitracin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Vancomycin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell wall synthesis | Cycloserine |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with cell membrane: cationic drugs that alter membrane permeability | Polymyxin B,Colistin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with protein synthesis acting on the 30S ribosomal subunit | Tetracyclines,Aminoglycosides |
| Acting on the 50S ribosomal subunit | Chloramphenicol , |
| Acting on the 50S ribosomal subunit | Macrolides |
| Acting on the 50S ribosomal subunit | Lincomycin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with nucleic acids | Flouroquinolones |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with nucleic acids | Rifampin |
| Antimicrobials that interfere with nucleic acids | Metronidazole (inhibits RNA synthesis) |
| Broad spectrum | Tetracyclines |
| Broad spectrum | Chloramphenicol and derivstives |
| Broad spectrum | Macrolides and lincomycins |
| Broad spectrum | Flouroquinolones |
| Broad spectrum | Sulfonamides |
| Narrow spectrum | Beta-lactams |
| Narrow spectrum | Aminoglycosides |
| Narrow spectrum | Polymyxin B and colistin |
| All protein inhibitors are bacteriostatic with the exception of | aminoglycosides |
| A combination of bacteriostatic agents can produce | additive effect |
| A combination of bactericidal drugs can act | synergistic |
| A combination of a bactericidal and a bacteriostatic drug is usually | antagonistic. |
| It is pointless to administer two different drugs that act at the same target site | This may also perpetuate cross resistance. |
| SULFONAMIDES | These drugs are PABA agonists. |
| Sulfonamides competitively inhibit the enzymatic step catalyzed by | Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfacetamide |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethazole |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfathiazole |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Sulfisoxazole |
| Short-acting sulfonamides | Trisulfapyrimidine (triple sulfas) |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfadimethoxine |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfisoxazole |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethoxazole |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfapyridine |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfachlorpyridine |
| Intermediate-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethazine |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfadimethoxine |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethazine (sustained release preparations in cattle) |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfamethylphenazole |
| Long-acting sulfonamides | Sulfaethoxypyridazine |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Succinylsulfathiazole |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Sulfasalazine (colitis in dogs) |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Sulfaquinoxaline (coccidial infections in poultry) |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Sulfaguanidine |
| Enteric sulfonamides | Phthalylsulfathiazole (sulfathalidine) |
| Topical sulfonamides | Silver sulfadiazine,Mafenide |
| Ophthalmic sulfonamides | Sulfacetamide |
| pKa and protein binding | are the two most important factors involved in the distribution of sulfonamides. |
| Acetylation (in the liver/lung) | is the major pathway of metabolism for sulfonamides |
| Dogs | are unable to acetylate sulfonamides to a significant degree. |
| Adverse effects of sulfonamides are classified as being | immunologic or non-immunologic: |
| Keratoconjuctivitis (KCS) | hypersensitivity reaction, most commonly in small dogs. |
| Hepatic necrosis | may be due to hypersensitivity. |
| sulfonamides can precipitate in the | glomerular filtrate of the kidney, Animals should be kept hydrated to keep urine flowing and urine should be alkalized. |
| DIAMINOPYRIMIDINES | Reversibly bind and inhibit dihydrofolate reductase. |
| Diaminopyrimidines used in veterinary medicine | Trimethoprim,Oneotoprim,Pyrimethamine |
| Given in combination with sulfonamides to form potentiated sulfonamides | diaminopyrimidines |
| Potentiated sulfonamides can | penetrate the CSF and cross the BBB. These drugs can also cross the placenta and are distributed in milk. |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Penicillins |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Cephalosporins |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Cephamycins |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Carbapenms (e.g. imipenem) |
| BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS | Monobactams (e.g. aztreonam) |
| Beta-lactam antibiotics exert bactericidal activity by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis via inhibition of | transpetidase enzyme. |
| The Susceptibility of bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics depends on | Production of beta-lactamase enzyme,Permeability of cell wall,Reduced sensitivity of penicillin binding protein |
| Natural penicillins | narrow spectrum |
| Penicillin G | only parenteral administration, hydrolyzed in stomach |
| Penicillin V | can be given orally |
| Compounds with good oral absorption (acid stable) | Cloxacillin,Oxacillin,Dicloxacillin |
| Compounds with poor oral absorption | Nafcillin,Methicillin |
| Broad-spectrum (beta-lactamase sensitive) penicillins (aminopenicillins) that are acid stable | often administered with beta lactamase inhibitors |
| Procaine penicillin G | should never be administered IV, because it will affect the cardiac conduction system. |
| Penicillins are excreted by the kidneys by glomerular filtration and attain high concentrations in the urine The exception is | Naficillin which is excreted mainly by bile. |
| Cephalosporins | are classified based on their antimicrobial spectrum |
| First generation cephalosporins | highest activity against gram-positive bacteria |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cefadroxil (oral) |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cefazilin (parenteral) |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cephalexin (oral) |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cephalothin (parenteral) |
| First generation cephalosporins | Cephapirin (oral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | more effective than the first generation against gram-negative bacteria |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefaclor (oral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefamandole (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefmetazole (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefonicid (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefotetan (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefoxitin (parenteral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefprozil (oral) |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Cefuroxime (oral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | have the best gram-negative activity |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Cefixime (oral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Cefoperazone (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Cefotaxime (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Cetiofur (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Ceftazidime (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Ceftizoxime (parenteral) |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Ceftriaxone(parenteral) |
| Cetiofur | has been called a “new generation” cephalosporin. Not as effective against Pseudomonas. Active against beta-lactamase producing strains as well as anaerobes. It is rapidly metabolized to desfuroylcetiofur |
| Indicated for treatment of respiratory tract infections in cattle and pigs, urinary infections in dogs, and pleuritis/peritonitis in horses as well as E. coli infections in poultry | cetiofur |
| Cefuroxime (2nd gen.) | can adequately penetrate into CSF, so can ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidine and cefizoxime (all 3rd gen.). |
| Cephalosporins are mainly excreted by | kidneys (except ceftriaxone and cefoperazone which are excreted by bile). |
| Other beta-lactam antibiotics | Clavulanic acid: blocks thebeta-lactamase binding site to protect penicillin |
| Monobactams (e.g. aztreonam) | can be used in penicillin allergic patients |
| Inhibitors acting at the 30S ribosomal subunit | Aminoglycosides,Tetracyclines |
| Inhibitors acting at the 50S ribosomal subunit | Macrolides,Lincosamides,Chloramphenicol derivatives |
| AMINOGLYCOSIDES | Active against aerobic gram-negative infections; bactericidal in action (all other protein synthesis inhibitors are bacteriostatic) |
| Common aminoglycosides | Streptomycin |
| Common aminoglycosides | Neomycin (topical) |
| Common aminoglycosides | Kanamycin |
| Common aminoglycosides | Gentamicin (accumulates in renal proximal tubule) |
| Common aminoglycosides | Amikacin |
| Common aminoglycosides | Tobramycin |
| Common aminoglycosides | Paromycin (wide spectrum, GIT) |
| Anaerobic bacteria are resistant to | aminoglycosides. |
| The post-anbiotic effect is | a persistant suppression of bacterial growth continued after treatment (*single dosing method). |
| Aminoglycosides concentrate in | the perilymph of the inner ear and renal cortex. |
| Aminoglycosides | are not metabolized |
| Aminoglycosides Adverse effect | Nephrotoxicity (ATN!) |
| Aminoglycosides Adverse effect | Ototoxicity |
| Aminoglycosides Adverse effect | Neuromuscular blockade |
| Type I antimicrobials, the ideal dosing regimen would | maximize the concentration. |
| TETRACYCLINES | Broad spectrum antibiotics that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Enters the cell via an energy dependent process across the inner cytoplasmic membrane (exception: doxycycline enters the cell exclusively by passive transport) |
| Tetracyclines interfere with | the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA molecule/ribosome complex, thus interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. |
| Common tetracyclines | Chlortetracycline |
| Common tetracyclines | Tetracycline |
| Common tetracyclines | Oxytetracycline |
| Common tetracyclines | Minocycline |
| Common tetracyclines | Doxycycline |
| Oxytetracycline | is the drug of choice for treating equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever). |
| Tetracyclines are effective against | penicillinase resistant strains of S. aureus. They are not effective against P. aeuruginosa. |
| Tetracyclines | chelate easily with calcium, therefore, do not give these drugs with dairy products or antacids. |
| The high protein binding nature of | doxycycline (80-90%) allows it to have a long half life in circulation. Oxytetracyline |
| With the exception of doxycyline and minocycline | tetracycline are NOT metabolized to a significant extent in the body |
| Minocycline is metabolized by | the cytochrome P450 pathway in the liver into inactive metabolites. |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | GI upset |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Hepatotoxicity |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Painful IM administration |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Rapid IV administration can cause collapse of patient due to chelation of calcium in the blood, thus decreasing the availability of it for the heart. |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Anaphylactic shock |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Alteration of GI microflora, ***NEVER give Doxycycline to a horse (upset GI flora death) |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Phototoxicity (dermatitis) |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Renal tubular damage |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Tooth mottling/discoloration |
| Adverse effects of tetracyclines | Super-infections |
| CHLORAMPHENICOL AND DERIVATIVES | Inhibit the bacterial enzyme peptidyl transferase at the 50S ribosomal sub-unit. |
| Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes are similar to bacterial ribosomes (both are 70S), and in consequence these drugs can inhibit mammalian protein synthesis | CHLORAMPHENICOL AND DERIVATIVES |
| CHLORAMPHENICOL AND DERIVATIVES | Can cause dose-dependent bone marrow suppression (especially in cats). |
| Chloramphenicol and macrolides | share similar target sites and act by competition, thus, these drugs should not be administered together because they will cause bacterial antagonism. |
| Chloramphenicol | is a broad spectrum antibiotic, effective against anaerobes, but not effective against Pseudomonas. |
| Chloramphenicol concentration in the CSF is | approximately 50% of that in the corresponding plasma. CHLORAMPHENICOL AND DERIVATIVES |
| Cats metabolize more slowly due to deficiency in glucoronidase enzyme. These drugs can lead to toxicity in cats and young animals | chloramphenicol |
| chloramphenicol Adverse effects | Dose related bone marrow suppression |
| In humans aplastic anemia may occur | Chloramphenicol |
| Chloramphenicol | It is not related to dose or duration of therapy (the nitroreduction product, nitrosochloramphenicol, is what triggers the stem cell damage |
| thiamphenicol and floramphenicol | DO NOT have the para-nitro group and therefore do not induce this effect) |
| Chloramphenicol | is prohibited for use in food producing animals by the FDA. |
| MACROLIDES | Reversibly binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Enhanced by a high pH and suppressed by a low pH. |
| Common macrolides | Erythromycin (other macrolides are synthesized from this one) |
| Common macrolides | Tilmicosin |
| Common macrolides | Tylosin |
| Common macrolides | Tiamulin |
| Common macrolides | Azithromycin |
| Common macrolides | Clarithromycin |
| Common macrolides | Drugs of choice for treating Campylobacter infections. |
| Common macrolides | Used to treat respiratory infections. |
| Common macrolides Adverse effects | Regurgitation/vomiting (small animals) |
| Common macrolides Adverse effects | Severe diarrhea (calves) |
| Common macrolides Adverse effects | In foals, mild self-limiting diarrhea may develop. In adult horses, severe diarrhea may result. |
| IV administration of tilmicosin | produces cardiotoxicity in all species due to depletion of intracellular calcium. |
| Tylosin | administration to horses, by any route can be FATAL! |
| LINCOSAMIDES | Lincomycin,Clindamycin |
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