Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
fluidselectro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The total body weight is about | 70% water. |
| 70% of the body water is | ICF (30-40% of body weight). |
| 30% of the body water is | ECF (20-30% of body weight). |
| Interstitial fluid makes up about | 22-25% of this. |
| Intravascular fluid makes up about | 8%. |
| The normal physiological cation to anion ratio of the body fluid is | 1:1. |
| A lot of water is lost during | respiration |
| it is a good idea to keep animals | on fluids during surgery. |
| When protein level is less 5.5g/dl, the animal is | hypoproteinemic |
| Hypoproteinemia | will cause fluids to move from the vascular system to extravascular spaces, causing edema |
| A sunken eye is the most common sign of | dehydration in ruminants |
| Hyponatremia is most commonly seen in | liver diseases due to problems with aldosterone synthesis. |
| If you see circling piglets, you might suspect | salt poisoning (hypernatremia). |
| The primary danger of hyperkalemia is | life threatening cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial depression. |
| You should not perform surgery on | hypokalemic animals (K+ is less than 3.3mEq/L). |
| Acute replacement of K+ should not exceed more than 0.25 – 0.50mEq/kg/hr, otherwise you risk | stopping the heart. |
| Hypocalcemia is almost always associated with | hypoalbuminemia. |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Commonly used | Acetazolamide,Dichlorphenamide,Methazolamide |
| These agents inhibit carbonic anhydrase enzyme, causing | a reduction of H+ ions available for Na-H exchange, Na+ and HCO3 excretion is increased. |
| Loop diuretics Commonly used | Furosemide,Ethacrynic acid,Bumetanide |
| These drugs block the reuptake of Cl¬- and Na+ | Loop diuretics |
| Furosemide | increases urinary calcium excretion and is therefore used for the treatment of hypercalcaemia, and hypercalcuri nephropathy in dogs and cats. |
| Osmotic diuretics Commonly used | Mannitol,Urea,Organic acids,Glucose |
| These drugs are non absorbable, and therefore produce an “osmotic pressure” that increases urine production | Mannitol,Urea,Organic acids,Glucose |
| Mannitol | is the drug of choice for reducing intracranial pressure and cerebral edema. |
| These drugs should not be used in generalized edema or acute cardio-pulmonary edema conditions, because they cause an initial expansion of ECF | Mannitol,Urea,Organic acids,Glucose |
| K+ sparing diuretics Commonly used | Spironolactone,Amiloride,Triamterene |
| Spironolactone | is a steroid analog of aldosterone and is a competitive antagonist of aldosterone, therefore it causes the excretion of Na+ and H2O, while K+ is retained. |
| Thiazide diuretics Commonly used | Chlorthiazide,Hydrochlorthiazide,Metolazone (thiazide-like) |
| Act on the distal tubules, increases Na+, K+, Cl- and Mg2+ excretion and decreases Ca2+ excretion | Thiazide diuretics |
| Methylxanthines Commonly used | Aminophylline,Theophylline,Caffeine,Theobromine |
| Diuretic effect due to increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate and the inhibition of Na+ resorption in the proximal tubule | Methylxanthines |
| Epinephrine | is the drug of choice for the emergency treatment of life threatening bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm and acute anaphylactic shock |
| It comes in a 1:10,000 concentration for use in small animals or a 1:1000 concentration for use in large animals | epinephrine |
| Don’t use the 1:10,000 epinephrine concentration in | horses, they will sweat profusely over their entire body and could die. |
| Neo-synephrine is similar to | norepinephrine |
| Adverse effects of terbutaline | use with care in cases of cardiac diseases, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypertension and seizure disorders, long term use can cause hypokalemia. |
| Methylxanthine drugs | are phosphodiesterase inhibitors which induce bronchodilation by blocking the degradation of cAMP by phosphodiesterase in airway smooth muscle cells and inhibition of light chain myokinase |
| the increase of cAMP levels in mast cells inhibits the release of | histamine and other autocoids therapeutic value includes bronchodilation, CNS stimulation, positive chronotropic/inotropic effects, as well as a mild diuretic effect |
| Methylxanthines | are relatively insoluble in water |
| Aminophylline | is actually the ethylenediamine complex of theophylline |
| Glucocorticoids are often used for the treatment of | antigen-induced inflammatory bronchial disease or when anti-histamines fail to work. |
| Leukotriene receptor antagonists or Lipooxygenase inhibitors Commonly used (anti-leukotrienes) | Zafirlukast,Montelukast,Zileuton |
| Leukotrienes are | potent bronchoconstrictors and trigger inflammatory responses such as edema formation |
| Leukotriene drugs | are higly selective and potent (orally) inhibitors of leukotriene production or function |
| Have been used to effectively treat asthma in cats | leukotrienes |
| Doxapram | stimulates the respiratory center in the medulla |
| It does not work when used with a neuromuscular blocking drug (e.g. Guafenesin) because these drugs will block the signal from the medulla | doxapram |
Created by:
alljacks
Popular Veterinary sets