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ANSC 221 Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who had the idea for the single plant feeding experiment which stimulated the Golden Age of Nutrition? | Dr. Stephen Babcock |
| Who is called the Father of Nutrition and is credited with recognizing "Life is a chemical process"? | Antoine Lavoisier |
| List the 6 classes of nutrients | Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water |
| What property of water makes it so useful for transporting nutrients and as a medium for chemical reactions? | High dielectric constant |
| What property of water is operating when an animal is cooled by sweating? | High latent heat of vaporization |
| What are 3 general (different) sources of water for animals? | Drinking Feed Metabolic |
| Which nutrient class contains the most energy per gram? | fats |
| Which nutrient class comprises most of livestock diets (excluding water)? | carbohydrates |
| Carbohydrates and fats are composed of the same ELEMENTS; what is the difference in elemental composition that partly explains the difference in energy content? | Fats contain less oxygen therefore they it contains more carbon and hydrogen. This is why fats are a higher energy source than carbohydrates. |
| Carbohydrates are composed of what kinds of MOLECULES? | sugars |
| What is the function of carbohydrate IN THE DIET? To supply ____________ | energy |
| What is/are the function(s) of fat in the diet? | Energy, supply essential fatty acids (most important), others |
| Proteins are composed of what kinds of MOLECULES? | amino acids |
| What are the function(s) for protein IN THE DIET? | First to supply amino acids to the body so the cells can produce protein, and if in excess to supply energy. |
| Distinguish between true protein (protein that is really protein) and Crude Protein? | Distinguish between true protein (protein that is really protein) and Crude Protein? |
| Which of the following is a pentose? | ribose |
| What are the 2 main concerns about feeding antibiotics? | Antibiotic residues remaining in animal tissues, and microbial resistance to antibiotics. |
| What substance in protein used to distinguish protein from starch and cellulose? | nitrogen |
| What is milk sugar? | lactose |
| What form of starch in plants has a straight-chain structure? | amylose |
| What sis table sugar? | sucrose |
| What is a form of polysaccharide stored in animals? | glycogen |
| What monosaccharide is starch is composed of? | glucose |
| What substance is in plants that animals cannot digest without microbial help? | cellulose |
| What indigestible substance in crude fiber interferes with digestion of other nutrients? | lignin |
| What monosaccharide is cellulose composed of? | glucose |
| What is the difference between starch and cellulose? Discuss the structure, not only digestibility. | Starch has alpha bond and cellulose has beta bonds. Cellulose is in plants and non ruminants are unable to digest due to beta bonds. Ruminants can digest due to microbial organisms in the rumen. Starch is digestible for both bc alpha bonds break =digest. |
| What vitamin has forms that are pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine? | Vitamin B6 |
| What vitamin can be interfered with by avidin in raw egg white, which would result in skin lesions? | Biotin |
| What vitamin has phyloquinone as the natural form and menadione is a synthetic form? | Vitamin K |
| What vitamin is Cyanocobalamine? | Vitamin B12 |
| What vitamin is not required in the diet of any of our farm animals? | Vitamin C |
| What vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia? | Vitamin B12 |
| What vitamin that prevents perosis in birds and increases litter size in pigs? | Choline |
| What vitamin is 1, 25 dihydroxy-cholecalciferol is the active form: | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin interacts with Selenium to act as biological antioxidant? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin necessary for the blood to clot? | Vitamin K |
| What vitamin is part of acetyl-Coenzyme A and a deficiency symptom is goose stepping in pigs? | Pantothenic acid |
| What vitamin is destroyed by thiaminase? | Thiamin |
| What vitamin prevents rickets? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin is L-ascorbic acid? | Vitamin C |
| What vitamin prevents night blindness? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin prevents xeropthalmia and night blindness? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin is carotene the precursor? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin helps protect membranes and prevents exudative diathesis, encephalomalacia and other disorders? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin is part of the "flavoproteins" and is necessary in intermediary metabolism? | Riboflavin |
| What vitamin is formed by sunlight on the skin? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin acts as a methyl donor (making it unlike other vitamins), and is added to sow's diets to help maximize litter size? | Choline |
| What vitamin deficiency can result in errors of neural tube closure, like spina bifida? | Folic Acid |
| What vitamin is retinol the active form? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin is D-alpha-tocopherol? | Vitamin E |
| What mineral is sometimes fed at levels up to 250 ppm to achieve an antibiotic-like growth response in pigs? | Copper |
| What mineral is supplemented to young pigs on cement to prevent anemia? | Iron |
| What mineral is present in Vitamin B12? | Cobalt |
| What mineral helps carry oxygen to the tissues as part of hemoglobin? | Iron |
| What mineral is part of the hormone thyroxine, which controls basal metabolic rate? | Iodine |
| What mineral is in low level in the blood in milk fever? | Calcium |
| What mineral is toxic in raw rock phosphate? | Fluorine |
| What mineral is required, but very toxic to sheep, so only use mineral supplements for sheep low in this mineral? | Copper |
| What mineral prevents parakeratosis? | Zinc |
| What mineral prevents grass tetany? | Magnesium |
| What cation do we get from salt? | Sodium |
| Oxalic acid added to a test tube would tie up this mineral so the blood would not clot | Calcium |
| What mineral prevents perosis in chickens? | Maganese |
| What mineral prevents nutritional muscular dystrophy (stiff lamb disease, white muscle disease) and liver degeneration (sudden death in pigs)? | Selenium |
| What mineral is the the greatest pollution problem in livestock waste if it gets into streams? | Phosphorus |
| sucrose = glucose + ________? | fructose |
| lactose = glucose + ________? | galactose |
| maltose = glucose + ________? | glucose |
| List the 10 essential amino acids (spelled correctly) | PVT TIM HALL Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine |
| Which essential amino acid contains sulfur? | Methionine |
| What are the first two limiting amino acids in corn for pigs, in order of most limiting to least? | 1) lysine 2) tryptophan |
| List the 3 VFA's (volatile fatty acids): | Acetic Propionic Butyric |
| Define triglyceride: | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| What are the two predominant long chain saturated fatty acids in beef fat? | Palmitic acid Stearic acid |
| List the 3 Essential Fatty Acids | Linolenic Linoleic Aracadonic |
| List 4 nutrition deficiencies (besides Vitamin K) that result in anemia as a major symptom, in farm animals | B6, B12, Folic Acid, Fe, Cu, Co. Vitamin C only for humans, not farm animals. Protein if severely deficient enough. |
| What happens to the extra protein if we eat more than is required? | The nitrogen is excreted and the rest of the molecule is used for energy |
| Why would you feed a low calcium diet to help prevent milk fever? | Low Ca ahead of calving will stimulate PTH secretion, which is a slow acting hormone that will increase Ca absorption and release of Ca from bone, raising blood Ca. If you wait until calving, the response time of the hormone is too slow to help. |
| Dr. Stephen Babcock proposed an experment in which cows were fed just corn plant or just wheat plant. 1) What were the results of this experiment and 2) what is the historical importance of this experiment (2 major points, according to your instructor). | Corn-fed cows did well, wheat-fed cows did poorly/failed to repro. 1) first semi-purified diet used with farm animals of economic importance 2) it led to the opening of the Golden Age of Nutrition with the discovery of the vitamins and minerals. |
| What is the organ called in chickens that corresponds to the stomach of the pig? | Proventriculus |
| Where in the horse and rabbit does fermentation of cellulose to VFA's occur? | Cecum |
| Where in the chicken does particle size reduction take place, replacing the action of teeth? | Gizzard |
| What organ produces enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, fats and proteins and also produces hormones that control blood sugar level? | Pancreas |
| Where is bile produced? | Liver |
| What is a spot in the esophagus of the bird for food storage called? | Crop |
| What compartment of the cow's stomach is nicknamed the "honeycomb", helps in regurgitation and may trap foreign material like wire? | Reticulum |
| What compartment of the cow's stomach keeps feed particles from moving on too quickly until fermentation is complete or particle size is small enough? | Omasum |
| What compartment of the cow's stomach corresponds to the stomach of the dog? | Abomasum |
| Where does most of the VFA formation and absorption take place in the cow? | Rumen |
| T or F: Food doesn't move through the pancreas; enzymes from there are secreted into the small intestine. | True |
| T or F: Food doesn't move through the pancreas; enzymes from there are secreted into the stomach. | False |
| What does amylase digest? | amylose |
| Where are Carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin secreted from and what do they do? | Carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin are secreted from the pancreas to digest protein |
| What is the function of bile? | To emulsify fat |
| What is intrinsic factor needed to do? | Absorb Vitamin B12 |
| What enzymes help control digestive process? | CCK (cholecystokinin) Gastrin Rennin Secretin Trypsin Lipase Carboxypeptidase |
| T or F: Urea is a source of NPN that can substitute for protein in ruminant diets. | True |
| Gas is released from the rumen by a process called what? | Eructation |
| What factor has the most influence on the Biological value of a feed? | Amino Acid pattern |
| T or F: To have a high biological value a protein must have a high digestibility. | False |
| T or F: If a protein has a high digestibility it will have a high biological value. | False |
| Protein that enters the rumen is of two types, DIP and UIP. Which of the two is it more important that it have a good amino acid balance? | UIP |
| What is a bomb calorimeter used to do? | determine energy content |
| What is TDN most like? | DE |
| What is NIRS used for in animal nutrition | rapidly estimating the components in feed |
| What are the grains fed to animals talked about in lectures? | Brewer's Grains Corn Soybean Meal Oats Grain Sorghum (milo) Oats Corn gluten meal |
| Corn gluten meal can be fed to chickens, pigs, dogs and other animals but what is a reason to feed it to chickens that would not apply to feeding it to pigs or dogs? | It contains xanthophyls that add color to egg yolks and flesh making it appealing. |
| What is Opaque - 2 corn? | Corn with more lysine |
| Why is fat used more efficiently than carbohydrate in summer when temperatures are hot? | Heat increment (the increased heat production following consumption of food by an animal) of fat is lower |
| Which grain has a standard weight of 60 pounds/bushel? | Wheat |
| Which feed is a very small, often white round seed that is common in bird-seed mixes? | Millet |
| Which feed needs to be toasted to destroy trypsin inhibitor? | Soybean |
| Which feed was likely in the diet causing problems resulting in the Salem Witch trials in early American history? | Rye |
| Which feed takes abundant amounts of water to grow, has a long growing season, and is mostly fed to people, not animals? | Rice |
| Which feed is lower in energy, has a very loose hull and is often fed to horses and young animals to get them started on feed? | Oats |
| Which feed is most commonly used as the starting point for making beer, the byproduct of which makes good dairy cattle feed? | Barley |
| Which feed often contains gossypol? | Cottonseed |
| Which grain often contains tannin which must be processed to remove, or counteracted? | Grain sorghum (milo) |
| Which grain has a standard weight of 32 pounds/bushel? | Oats |
| What organism produces a toxin that has very strong feed refusal effects on pigs? | Fusarium roseum (Gibberella zeae or GIB) |
| What fungus produces a deadly, carcinogenic mycotoxin? | Aspergillus flavus |
| What is the name of a mycotoxin that has very strong feed refusal effects on pigs? | Deoxynivalenol |
| What is the name of the organsim that produces a mycotoxin that has estrogenic activity? | Fusarium roseum (Gibberella zeae or GIB) |
| What is the name of a mycotoxin that kills horses especially? | Fumonison |
| What is the name of a mycotoxin that has estrogenic activity? | Zearalenone |
| What is the name of a deadly, carcinogenic mycotoxin? | Aflotoxin |
| What organism produces the mycotoxin that especially kills horses? | Fusarium moniliforme |
| What are considered protein supplement feeds? | Fish meal Linseed meal Soybean meal Cottonseed meal |
| What is the main nutritional reason for feeding corn to animals? | To provide energy |
| Which best describes TDN? | An index of energy on a carbohydrate basis |
| Which of the following best describes the difference in carbohydrate digestion in a pig versus a cow? | Carbohydrates in a pig are digested by digestive enzymes to sugars that are absorbed in the small intestine, while carbohydrates in a cow are mostly broken down by microbes in the rumen to VFA's that are absorbed through the rumen wall. |
| How could 2 feeds have the same TDN value, and even the same DE value, but still be of different use to the animal due to energy? | They have different heat increments. |
| What best fits feeding growing pigs? | corn + soybean meal + vitamins + minerals |
| Is the practice of grouping sows into units of 15 or less and feeding the group 60 lbs per day (4 lbs/sow) acceptable for limiting energy intake in sows? | no |
| Is the practice of using electric feeding stations that will only feed each sow a certain amount acceptable limiting energy intake in sows? | yes |
| is the practice of penning sows together but feeding in feeding crates at feeding time and releasing after feeding acceptable for limiting energy intake in sows? | yes |
| Is the practice of allowing all the sows to eat what they want and control their intake acceptable for limiting energy intake in sows? | no |
| Is the practice of feeding sows in individual stall acceptable for limiting energy intake in sows? | yes |
| T or F: Rations should be formulated on a crude protein basis for cattle, but on a lysine basis for swine and poultry. | True |
| T or F: Pantothenic acid is an essential fatty acid | False Essential fatty acids = linolenic, linoleic and arachidonic |
| What is the main storage fatty acid in beef fat? | stearic acid |
| T or F: The most palatable feeds available will be used for the high producing dairy cow in order to achieve high feed intake along with high milk production. | True |
| T or F: Chickens need more methionine in their diets than pigs | True |
| T or F: Triglycerides are composed of 3 glycerol and 1 fatty acid chain | False They are made of 3 fatty acid chains and 1 glycerol |
| What 2 minerals make up the majority of bones? | Calcium Phosphorus |
| Which amino acid is required and contains sulfur? | methionine |
| What is the name of the table sugar and what is it composed of? | Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose |
| T or F: Milk fever may be controlled by lowering calcium to get a parathyroid response, then raising calcium after calving | True |
| What is a monosaccharide and what is an example? | A monosaccharide is any sugar that cannot be broken down into a simpler sugar Glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose |
| What is a disaccharide and what is an example? | Any class of sugars that contain 2 monosaccharides Sucrose, lactose, matose, and cellobiose |
| What is a polysaccharide and what is an example? | Any class of sugars that contain 2 or more monosaccharides Glycogen, cellulose, and starch |
| List the fat - soluble vitamins | Vitamins A, D, E, and K FAT SOLUBLE KADE |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins typically used for in the body? | Maintaining the structures of the body |
| T or F: Cats are truly carnivores and have a very high protein need. | True |
| Anemia in baby pigs most likely caused by a deficiency in what? | Iron |
| What is the difference between starch and cellulose? | Starch is glucose + glucose alpha bonded Cellulose is glucose + glucose beta bonded |
| Low calcium in blood in calves is a results in | Milk Fever |
| Iron deficiency results in | Anemia |
| Magnesium deficiency results in | Grass tetany |
| Iodine deficiency results in | Goiter |
| Zinc deficiency results in | Parakeratosis |
| What do ruminants rely on more than non- ruminants for energy? | VFAs |
| Who is Antoine Lavoisier and what is he known for? | Father of nutrition |
| Who is Dr. William Beaumont and what is he known for? | Observed Alexio St. Martin's stomach and discovered the usefulness of gastric juices and the general process of the digestive system |
| Who is Dr. Stephan Babcock and what is he known for? | Single plant feeding experiment and lit the fire leading to the Golden Age of Nutrition |
| Who is Sir James Lind and what is he known for? | Developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy |
| Who is Alexio St. Martin and what is he known for? | Got shot in the stomach and it never healed allowing Dr. William Beaumont to study the digestive system |
| Who is Kazimierz Funk and what is he known for? | Named vitamin after "vital amine" |
| What are carbohydrates composed of? | Simple sugars |
| What elements are carbohydrates made of? | Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen |
| T or F: Carbohydrates contain less oxygen than fats. | False - Carbohydrates contain more oxygen than fats |
| Starch | Polysaccharide Glucose connected with alpha bonda |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide Glucose connected with beta bonds Analyzed in crude fiber or NDF |
| Sucrose | Disaccharide Glucose + fructose Table sugar |
| Lactose | Disaccharide Glucose + galactose Milk sugar |
| Lignin | Polysaccharide Completely indigestible Decreases the feeding value Associated with the carbohydrate fraction of feed |
| Fats are... | Lipids |
| What are triglycerides made up of? | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| What is the structure of saturated fatty acid? | Has all the hydrogen it can and no double bonds |
| What is the structure of unsaturated fatty acids? | Contains double bonds and less hydrogen |
| Lipids are... | Fats |
| List the essential fatty acids | Linolenic acid Linoleic acid Arachidonic acid |
| List the other long chain fatty acids | Palmitic acid Stearic acid (main storage fatty acid in beef fat) Oleic acid |
| List the volatile fatty acids | Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid |
| Define DIP | Degradable intake protein |
| Define UIP | Undegradable intake protein |
| What is the difference between UIP and DIP? | DIP - Broken down and rearranged by the bacteria within the rumen UIP - Amino acid composition is more important than UIP - Left alone by the bacteria - Due to the fact that its left alone by the bacteria, the animal will than absorb the A.As |
| What is important to know about Phenylalanine? | Tested in babies |
| What is important to know about Methionine? | It is sulfur containing, both in the D and L form |
| What is important to know about Valine? | Associated with maple syrup urine disease |
| What is important to know about Arginine? | Precursor of urea |
| What is important to know about Tryptophan? | Second limiting amino acid |
| What is important to know about Lysine? | First limiting amino acid, only available in the L form |
| What is important to about about Vitamin C? | Ascorbic acid |
| What is important to about about Vitamin D? | Also called 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol Formed from sunlight on the skin and supplemented to prevent rickets |
| What is important to about about Vitamin K? | Supplemented to prevent failure of the blood to clot, corresponds to menadione and phylloquinone |
| What is important to about about Vitamin B12? | Also called cyanocobalamine, supplemented to prevent pernicious anemia |
| What is important to about about Vitamin A? | Associated with night blindness, corresponds to carotene |
| What is important to about about Vitamin E? | Associated with stiff lamb disease, white muscle disease, and mulberry heart disease |
| What are the water soluble vitamins? | Vitamin C and B complex vitamins Function: involved in intermediary metabolism |
| What is important to about about Magnesium? | Supplemented to prevent grass tetany |
| What is important to about about Zinc? | Added to 1000-2000 ppm in young pigs to maintain health |
| What is important to about about Iron? | Supplemented to newborn pigs to prevent anemia |
| What is important to about about Calcium? | Deficient in the blood when an animal has milk fever and supplemented to prevent rickets |
| What is important to about about Selenium? | Coupled with Vitamin E |
| What is important to about about Choline? | Supplemented to prevent perosis in chickens |
| What mycotoxin is responsible for feed refusal in pigs? | Deoxynivalenol Made from organism Giberella Zea (Fusarium Roseum) |
| What mycotoxin produces estrogenic effects? | Zearalenone Made from organism Giberella Zea (Fusarium Roseum) |
| What mycotoxin is a carcinogenic? | Aflatoxin Made from organism Aspergillus Flavus |
| What mycotoxin kills horses? | Fumonison |
| What toxin is in rye? | Ergot |
| What toxin is in alfalfa? | Bloat |
| What toxin is in grain sorghum? | Tannin |
| What toxin is in tall fescue? | Endophyte |
| What toxin is in soybean meal? | Trypsin inhibitor |
| What toxin is in cottonseed meal? | Gossypol |
| What toxin is in sweet clover? | mold converting coumerol to dicoumarol |
| What do you feed lactating dairy cow? | 25 % corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay and 50% corn and SBM |
| What do you feed broiler chickens? | Feed corn, SBM, vitamins, and minerals |
| What do you feed beef cows following weaning? | Corn stalks with a small amount of corn, SBM, and minerals |
| What do you feed growing pigs? | Feed corn, SBM, vitamins, and minerals |
| What do you feed steers in the last 60 days in a feedlot? | 80% corn/corn silage with 20% hay |
| What do you feed beef cows at breeding time? | Good hay with salt and/or mineral |
| T or F: The most palatable feeds available will be used for the high producing dairy cow in order to achieve high feed intake along with high milk production. | True |
| T or F: A goof source of protein in swine and poultry diets is urea. | False |
| T or F: A feed with about the same feeding value as soybean meal for beef cattle is cottonseed meal. | True |
| T or F: Without microbes in the rumen, ruminants could not digest hay and other feeds containing cellulose any better than we can. | True |
| T or F: Corn and other grains are fed primarily for the protein content. | False |
| T or F: A good substitute for corn with about the same feeding value is grain sorghum (milo) | True |
| T or F: Lignin is completely indigestible, increases in a plant as it matures, and it decreases the feeding value. | True |
| T or F: A balance of amino acids in the protein of the ration is more important to the horse than it is to the cow. | True |
| A big difference between ruminants and nonruminants is that ruminants rely on _______ much more for their source of energy. | Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) |
| How is crude protein determined by? | Multiplying the % nitrogen by 6.25 |
| What does a polyunsaturated fatty acid contain? | Double bonds between carbons and less hydrogens than it could have |
| What happens to excess protein in the diet? | It is broken down and used for energy |
| What could result from limiting water to livestock? | Poor growth, poor feed intake, increased body temperature, and death |
| Which energy value best represents what an animal can actually use for productive purposes? | Net energy |
| Which vitamin is not needed in the diet of any farm animals, but is needed in the diet of humans to prevent scurvy? | Vitamin C |
| What substance emulsifies fats? | Bile |
| What enzyme digests carbohydrates? | Amylase |
| What substance digests fats from triglycerides to free fatty acids? | Lipase |
| What is the end product of rumen fermentation of carbohydrate? | VFAs |
| Which amino acid is required and contains sulfur? | Methionine |
| What is the reason that the B Vitamins are not added routinely to beef cattle diets? | Beef cattle are provided with the B Vitamins naturally through the bacterial fermentation that takes place in their rumen |
| A symptom of low calcium in the blood of cows following calving is...? | Milk fever |
| The symptoms of a zinc deficiency include...? | Parakeratosis |
| The symptoms of an iodine deficiency include....? | Goiter |
| Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide? - Glucose - Fructose - Ribose - Sucrose - Galactose | Sucrose |
| What is blood sugar? | Glucose |
| What is table sugar? | Sucrose |
| What does water play an essential role in? | Maintaining body temperature and in many of the chemical reactions in the body |
| Which of the following is not an essential fatty acid? -Linoleic acid - Arachidonic acid - Pantothenic acid - Linolenic acid | Pantothenic acid |
| Which nutrient would you supplement to prevent anemia in new born pigs? | Iron |
| What nutrient is deficient in the blood in milk fever? | Calcium |
| What vitamin would you supplement to prevent failure of the blood to clot? | Vitamin K |
| What vitamin would you supplement to prevent rickets? | Vitamin D |
| What nutrient would you supplement to prevent pernicious anemia? | Vitamin B12 |
| What nutrient would you supply to prevent grass tetany? | Magnesium |
| What mineral is added at 1000-2000 ppm at weaning in some young pig diets to maintain health? | Zinc |
| What nutrient would you supplement to prevent perosis in chickens? | Choline |
| What vitamin(s) would you supplement to pigs and chickens but not cows? | All the B vitamin complex |
| What nutrient would you supplement to prevent parakeratosis in pigs? | Zinc |
| Which has the highest need for protein in the diet? -Dairy cow producing 80 lbs of milk per day - A beef steer gaining weight at 5 lbs per day | Dairy cow producing 80 lbs. of milk per day |
| T or F: A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose | True |
| Which of the following is not one of the 10 essential amino acids for the rat and pig? - Threonine - Arginine - Thiamine - Tryptophan - Phenylalanine | Thiamine |
| What is one major difference between rations for poultry versus rations for pigs? (in terms of amino acids) | Chickens need more methionine |
| Which nutrient corresponds to 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol? | Vitamin D |
| Which nutrient corresponds to retinol? | Vitamin A |
| Which nutrient corresponds to menadione and phylloquinone? | Vitamin K |
| What nutrient would you supplement to prevent night blindness, keritomalacia, poor reproduction, increased incidence of infection, and integrity of epithelial tissues everywhere? | Vitamin A |
| Which nutrient corresponds to ascorbic acid? | Vitamin C |
| Which nutrient corresponds to cyanocobalamine? | Vitamin B12 |
| Which nutrient corresponds to D -alpha-tocopherol? | Vitamin E |
| Which nutrient corresponds to carotene? | Vitamin A |
| Which nutrient can be formed in the skin when exposed to sunlight? | Vitamin D |
| Which nutrient would you supplement to prevent encephalomalacia in birds, stiff lamb disease, white muscle disease, mulberry heat disease, degenerating livers in pigs and peroxidation of tissues by free radicals in general? | Vitamin E |
| Which mycotoxin kills horses, mainly? | Fumonison |
| Which mycotoxin is carcinogenic and deadly? | Aflotoxin |
| Which mycotoxin is estrogenic, causing reproductive difficulties? | Zearalenone |
| Carbohydrates are made of _____ ______. | Simple sugars |
| T or F: carbohydrates are made of C,H, and O, just like fats, but they have much less oxygen than fats. | False |
| T or F: Glucose is a polysaccharide | False |
| Proteins are analyzed by determining the amount of _____ present. | Nitrogen |
| Triglycerides are composed of? | One glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| Proteins are essential in the diet to supply ______ ______. | Amino acids |
| The fat soluble vitamins are: | A, D, E, and K FAT SOLUBLE KADE |
| T or F: Fat soluble vitamins are needed in large quantity for energy. | False |
| The 2 minerals making up the most of the bones are: | Calcium and phosphorus |
| For which animal is it legal to use BST and for what purpose? | Dairy cows to increase milk production |
| What is BST? | Bovine somatotropin = BST - also known as bovine growth hormone, is an animal drug approved by FDA to increase milk production in dairy cows |
| The abbreviations DIP and UIP refer to what? | Protein that is and is not available to the microbes in the rumen |
| The main nutritional benefit of feeding corn to animals is to provide ______. | Energy |
| Bermuda grass is...? | Grass forage |
| Corn is....? | Carbonaceous concentrate (grains) |
| Corn Cobs is ....? | Crop residue feed |
| Corn Stover is....? | Crop residue feed |
| Spent Hops is....? | Byproduct feed form fermentation for beer or alcohol production |
| Orchard grass is....? | Grass forage |
| Wheat Straw is .....? | Byproduct feed from grain milling (processing) |
| Wheat bran is ....? | Byproduct feed from grain milling (processing) |
| Big bluestem is....? | Grass forage |
| Alfalfa is ...? | legume forage |
| Distiller's grains is....? | Byproduct feed from fermentation for beer or alcohol production |
| Corn gluten meal is.....? | Byproduct feed from grain milling (processing) |
| Brewer's grains is....? | Byproduct feed from fermentation for beer of alcohol production |
| Soybean meal is....? | Proteinaceous concentrate (protein feeds) |
| Peanut meal is....? | Proteinaceous concentrate (protein feeds) |
| Wheat middlings is....? | Byproduct feed from grain milling (processing) |
| T or F: Compensatory gain refers to improved growth and feed efficiency when an animal is placed on a high energy ration after a period on a low energy ration. | True |
| T or F: The rabbit needs high quality forage with a high protein content because unlike the cow, it is a nonruminant animal and the microbial fermentation only provides energy/ | False |
| T or F: When harvested as hay, legumes generally have higher protein than grasses. | True |
| What nutrient requirement increases the most as the work of the horse increases? - Energy - Protein - Energy - Amino acids - Vitamins | Energy |
| Lignin: - Is completely indigestible - Is associated with the carbohydrate fraction of the feed - Increases in a plant as the plant matures - Decreases the feeding value - All of the above | All of the above |
| Why is protein quality a much bigger issue with nonruminants than with ruminants> | Because ruminants have bacteria in the rumen which can utilize the contents of low quality proteins to produce the amino acids that they need |
| T or F; In order to get the maximum productivity from ruminants, including the optimal fermentation in the rumen, it is important to balance rations to provide for the needs of the bacteria. | True |
| Which energy value is an index of energy on a carbohydrate basis? | TDN |
| T or F: NDF ( Neutral Detergent Fiber) is a newer method that has improved on crude fiber determination. | True |
| What enzyme digests carbohydrates? | Amylase |
| What substance digests fat from triglycerides to free fatty acids? | Lipase |
| Lipids are the same as _____. | Fats |
| T or F: Fat soluble vitamins are needed in large quantity for energy | False |
| T or F: B complex vitamins are (generally) involved in regulating metabolism in the body | True |
| Salt is important to supply what? | Sodium and chloride |
| What is lysine? | An essential amino acid |
| What mineral interacts with Vitamin E, which is necessary to ass in our area to keep young pigs alive? | Selenium |
| Soybean meal | Trypsin inhibitor |
| Cottonseed meal | Gossypol |
| Tall fescue | Endophyte |
| Sweet clover | Mold converts coumerol in the plant to dicoumarol, resulting in bleeding |
| Alfalfa | Bloat |
| Which is more likely to have trouble with ketosis? - Horses on spring pasture - Lambs fed high grain diets - Sheep with twins or triplets at lambing time - Beef cattle at breeding time - Pigs with large liters | Sheep with twins or triplets at lambing time |
| Define Ketosis | Ketosis is a metabolic disorder that occurs in cattle when energy demands (e.g. high milk production) exceed energy intake and result in a negative energy balance |
| What does CREEP FEEDING mean? | Feeding young animals separately from adult animals |
| Which animal has a high need for a protein because it cannot down regulate its catabolic enzymes of amino acid degradation and requires dietary taurine? - Cows - Chickens - Cats - Horses | Cats |
| Which is true of cats? - They require high protein diets - They require preformed Vitamin A not carotene - They have a strict requirement for arginine - They have a need for taurine in their diet - All of the above | All of the above |
| Horses have a special need for what, to avoid colic and keep them healthy? | Sufficient forage in the diet |
| Which has a higher need in the diet for protein, for mature animals? - Dogs - Pigs - Cats - Horses | Cats |
| Glucose is: | A monosaccharide |
| Proteins are essential in the diet to supply: | Amino acids |
| T or F: Dogs should be fed meat and meat by products, and never grain for energy. | False |
| T or F: Dog feeding is complicated because each breed differs from other so much that diets should be specific for each brand. | False |
| T or F: Cats are true carnivores and should be fed differently than dogs. | True |
| T or F: Rations should be formulated ona crude protein basis for a cattle, but on a lysine basis for swine and poultry. | True |
Created by:
Victoria Guadiano
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