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Unit 2 PE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The difference between Atheroscleoris and arteriosclerosis? | ateriosclerosis occurs when the arteries harden and become thin, sometimes restricting blood flow to vital organs and tissues. Atherioscleroisis is a specific type of arterioscleroisis. |
| what does high amounts of LDL do? | build up plaque on the inside of arteries |
| What can secondary hypertension be caused by ? | pregnancy |
| a stroke occurs when? | blood supply to the brain is interrupted |
| What does the national stroke foundation recommend as a test to assess symptoms ? | FAST |
| Two signs likely to be displayed by someone suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | shortness of breath, ongoing cough |
| Two characteristics/ signs likely to be displayed by someone with asthma? | bronchioles tighten and lining becomes swollen and inflamed. produce sticky mucus |
| how is chronic asthma different to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | asthma is an inflammation in the bronchioles and pulmonary disease contains and ongoing cough and the shortness of breath |
| Three barriers to cardiorespiratory health? | low levels of physical activity, overweight and high blood pressure |
| what does bypass surgery involve? | It involves taking a healthy blood vessel from else where in your body and connecting it below and above the blocked arteries in your heart. |
| bad types of cholesterol in food? | processed foods, deep fried fast food, takeaway food |
| good types of cholesterol in food? | eggs, cheese, full fat yoghurt |
| how does medications reduce the amounts of cholesterol built up in arteries? | medicine blocks the substance the body needs to make cholesterol |
| what is metabolic syndrome? | metabolic syndrome is a combination of abdominal obesity, high blood pressure and high glucose |
| Superior | Closer to the head than another part |
| Inferior | Closer to the feet than another part |
| Anterior | The front of the body |
| Posterior | Towards the back of the body |
| Medial | The imaginary midline of the body |
| Lateral | Away from the imaginary midline of the body |
| Proximal | Closer to the point of attachment |
| Distal | away from the point of attachment |
| plantar | sole of foot |
| Palmar | palm of hand |
| superficial | closer to the surface of the body than another |
| deep | Away from the body surface; more internal |
| What are the 2 sections of the skeleton? | axial and appendicular |
| What does the axial consist of? | skull, spine and rib cage |
| What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? | limbs, arms, legs and hands |
| Flexion | Decreases the angle of a joint |
| Extension | increases the angle of a joint |
| Abduction | movement away from the midline |
| Adduction | Movement toward the midline of the body |
| Rotation | medial and lateral rotationCircumduction |
| Circumduction | circular movement of a limb at the far end |
| pronation | turning the palm downward |
| Supination | movement that turns the palm up |
| plantar flexion | bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
| Dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward |
| Inversion | Turning the sole of the foot inward |
| Eversion | turning the sole of the foot outward |
| Vertebral Column | The spine - Is involved in more than 95% of movements - 33 bones (24 unfused, 9 fused) |
| Cervical vertebrae | 7 unfused bones - Makes up the neck - Responsible for supporting the head - Atlas and axis allow your head to move around |
| Thoracic vertebrae | 12 unfused bones - Connect the rib cage to the spinal column and form a protective shield for the heart and lungsLumbar vertebrae |
| Lumbar vertebrae | 5 unfused bones |
| The sacrum | 5 fused bones - Fuses the pelvis - Distributes weight of the upper body |
| The coccyx | 4 fused vertebrae - Known as the 'tail bone' - Provides a site for muscle attachment to allow movement |
| Synovial joints | Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions |
| Pivot joint | A uniaxial joint that only allows rotation - Atlas and axis |
| Gliding joint | Occurs when flat bones glide past each other, usually in. a biaxail manner - carpals/tarsals |
| Ball and socket joint | Occurs where a rounded bone head articulates with a cup-shaped cavity - shoulder, hipHinge joint |
| Hinge joint | A uniaxial joint - knee, elbow |
| Saddle joint | Occurs where concave and convex bone surfaces align; generally biaxial - joint of the thumb |
| Condyloid joint | Very similar to a hinge joint but also allows a slight rotation; it is biaxial - wrist |
| skeletal muscle | A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. |
| smooth muscle | Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body |
| cardiac muscle | Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. |
| Muscle functions | producing movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, generating heat |
| muscle attachment | the location on a bone where a muscle connects to the bone |
| Fibre arrangement - circular | The fascicular pattern is circular with fibres arranged in concentric rings. Muscles with this arrangement surround external body openings, which they close by contracting. |
| fibre arrangment - convergent | a convergent muscle as a broad origin, and its fascicles converge towards a single tendon of insertion. |
| fibre arrangment - parallel | the length of the fascicles runs parallel to the long axis of the muscle. the muscles are either strap-like or spindle-shaped. |
| fibre arrangment - pennate | the fibres are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle. pennate muscles come in 3 forms: |
| unipenatte | unipennate (the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon) |
| bipennate | bipennate (the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite |
| multipennate | multipennate (looks like many feathers side by side with all the quills inserted into one large tendon) |
| fusiform muscles | thick in the middle and tapered at each end |
| microscopic structure of muscles | the brain sends messages to the muscles to motor neurons. muscles contract and apply forces to bones via tendons that connect them. when muscle contracts, it pulls the bones close to each other. |
Created by:
Emmerson Collins
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