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Directional Terms
Directional Terms in Veterinary Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ventral | Refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part. |
| Dorsal | Refers to the back. |
| Cranial | Means towards the head; pertaining to the head. |
| Caudal | Means towards the tail; pertaining to the tail. |
| Anterior | Towards the front of the body (regarding the limbs). |
| Posterior | Towards the rear of the body (regarding the limbs). |
| Rostral | Pertaining to the nose end of the head. |
| Midline (Median, Midsagittal) | Imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left halves. |
| Medial | Pertaining to the middle; towards the midline. |
| Lateral | Pertaining to the side; away from the midline. |
| Superior | Uppermost: above. |
| Inferior | Lowermost: below. |
| Adjacent | Next to; close to or adjoining. |
| Proximal | Closer to the midline of the body; Nearer to the center of the body relative to another point. |
| Distal | Away for the midline of the body; Away from the center of the body relative to another point. |
| Oblique | At an angle. |
| Superficial/External | Means near the surface. |
| Deep/Internal | Means away from the surface. |
| Peripheral | Pertaining to, or situated near the periphery; Outer most part, or the surface of an organ or body part. |
| Palmar | Means the bottom of the front foot or hoof (underside). |
| Plantar | Means the bottom of the rear foot or hoof (underside). |
| Prone | Position of the animal lying on their abdomen, face down, legs extended. |
| Supine | Position of the animal lying on their back, legs extended. |
| Recumbent | Lying down. |
| Median/Midsagittal Plane | Divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves. |
| Sagittal Plane | Parallel to the median plane and divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left body parts. |
| Frontal/Dorsal Plane | Divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts. |
| Transverse/Horizontal Plane | Perpendicular to the median plane and divides the body into cranial and caudal parts. |
| Longitudinal | General term referring to a section cut the length of the body or organ. |
| Abduction | To move away from the midline. |
| Adduction | To move towards the midline. |
| Flexion | To bend a joint or reduce the angle between two bones. |
| Hyperflexion | Flex too far. |
| Extension | To straighten a joint or increase the angle between two bones. |
| Hyperextension | Extend too far. |
| Supination | Rotating the limb or body part so that the ventral surface is turned upwards. |
| Pronation | Rotating the limb or body part so that the ventral surface is turned downwards. |
| Rotation | Circular movement around an axis. |
| Ventral/Dorsal/Ventrodorsal (VD) | Animal is in dorsal recumbency. |
| Dorsal/Ventral/Dorsoventral (DV) | Animal is in ventral recumbency. |
| Medial/Lateral/Mediolateral | Animal is in lateral recumbency. |
| Lateral/Medial/Lateromedial | Animal is in medial recumbency. |
| Anterior/Posterior/Anterioposterior (AP)/DORSOPLANTAR | Animal is in ventral recumbency. |
| Posterior/Anterior/Posterioanterior (PA)/PALMARODORSAL | Animal is in dorsal recumbency. |
| Oblique (Radiography) | Animal is in modified lateral position |
Created by:
rhysn
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