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Mammal repro exam2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are four things that affect hormone action? | pattern duration, hormone half life, receptor affinity, receptor density |
| pattern and duration | episodic, basal, or sustained determines the biological response the hormone will have |
| hormone half life | hormone degradation, the longer the half life the longer the biological response |
| receptor affinity | lock and key mechanism, the higher affinity the larger the biological response, agonists and antagonists |
| receptor density | up or down regulates hormones based on number of receptors, the higher the receptor density the larger the biological response |
| threshold body weight | the level of nutrition hastens or delays puberty |
| how does glucose and fatty acids affect the attainment of puberty? | Regulation of GnRH only occurs when glucose is available, thus, when fatty acids and glucose in the blood is high, GnRH release and LH release increases for a hastened attainment of puberty |
| how does metabolic signaling affect puberty ? | Leptin comes from adipose tissue, so neurons in the hypothalamus sense levels of letpin and has a positive effect on GnRH secretion. This is indirect from activating the release of kisspeptin from kisspeptin neurons. |
| how does higher adipose tissue affect puberty? | with more adipose tissue, more leptin is secreted causing a higher release of GnRH and LH so puberty is attained quickly |
| how are steroid hormones metabolized? | In the liver double bonds are saturated and sulfate or gluconoride residues are attached to inactivate hormones. Steroid hormones also enter the gut through the bile duct in the conjugated form to be excreted in feces. |
| how are protein hormones metabolized? | glycosylated hormones bind to liver cells and are degraded intracellularly, protein hormones are denatured, small proteins are filtered by the kidneys and eliminated in urine |
| hypothalamus development in the female | alpha-fetoprotein has high affinity for estrogen, estrogen binds to AFP to form complex that is too big to cross the blood brain barrier, estrogen does not reach the brain and the GnRH surge center is developed |
| hypothalamus development in the male | alpha-fetoprotein has no affinity for testosterone, testosterone crosses the blood brain barrier and aromatizes into estrogen, estrogen reaches the brain and defeminizes the hypothalamus, the GnRH surge center does not develop |
| maturation of the hypothalamus in the female | prepubertal estrogen from the ovaries is low causing negative feedback on the GnRH surge center causing LH concentration to be low, gradually estrogen increases allowing for increase in GnRH, LH, FSH, and follicle development |
| maturation of the hypothalamus in the female (2) | eventually, estrogen levels are high enough for positive feedback to the surge center to cause GnRH surge and LH surge to cause ovulation |
| feedback system of spermatogenesis | GnRH from the hypo acts on the AP to release FSH and LH, FSH acts on sertoli cells, LH acts on leydig cells to produce testosterone, testosterone aromatizes into estrogen, estrogen, inhibin, and DHT have negative feedback on GnRH release |
| estrogen feedback in male | negative feedback on hypothalamus for GnRH secretion |
| inhibin feedback in male | negative feedback on AP for FSH release |
| DHT feedback in male | negative feedback on hypothalamus for GnRH secretion |
| why is continuous production of sperm important? | GnRH pulses 4-8 times a day for consistent spermatogenesis, avoids desensitization of the seminiferous tubules, and males do not now when they will have the opportunity to mate |
| seminiferous cycle | process of relative time, each section has its own generational germ cells, each section goes through 8 stages in adjacent manner |
| seminiferous time cycle in the bull | go through 4.5 cycles, each cycle takes 13.5 days, total of 61 days for complete spermatogenesis |
| spermatogenic wave | stages go in order adjacently |
| proliferation stage | basal compartment, some renewable stem cells spermatogonia A1 go through mitotic division to produce spermatogonia B, the spermatogonia are diploid, this process takes 15 days |
| meiosis 1 | adluminal compartment, spermatogonia B go through mitosis to produce 1* spermatocytes, 1* spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produce 2* spermatocytes, process takes 15 days and produce 64 cells |
| meiosis 2 | 2* spermatocytes go through meiosis 2 to produce spermatids, process takes 1 day to produce 128 spermatids |
| differentiation | adluminal compartment, produce 256 spermatozoa, haploid cells |
| diploid cells | spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes |
| haploid cells | spermatids and spermatozoa |
| differentiation: golgi | initial acrosome and tail development, translocation of proximal and distal centrioles |
| differentiation: cap | acrosomic vesicle flattens to cap the nucleus and the primitive tail grows from distal centriole, acrosome membrane formed and hydrolytic enzymes produced |
| what is the acrosome reaction? | exocytosis, digests zona pellucida to enter oocyte |
| differentiation: acrosomal | acrosome covers the nucleus and elongates, manchette microtubules become the post nuclear cap, neck and annulus form |
| differentiation: maturation | dependent on FSH, mitochondria surround midpiece in helix form, completion of mid, principle, and terminal piece, release of sperm from sertoli cells |
| acute heat stress | increased abnormalities by day 10, minimal damage on spermatid/primary and secondary spermatocytes, no effect on motility till day 28, 39 days till normal ejaculate |
| chronic heat stress | increased abnormalities by day 10, significant decrease in spermatids/primary and secondary spermatocytes, no effect on motility till day 28, 70 days till normal ejaculate |
| search: male | approach sexually active females, test for lordosis, sniffing and licking perineal region, roaming |
| search: female | increased locomotion, elevation of tail, roaming, vocalization |
| courtship: male | testing for lordosis, excitement, sniffing and liking perineal region, biting neck, nuzzling |
| courtship: female | immobile stance, grooming, urination in presence of male, head rubbing |
| consummation: male | penile protrusion, seminal plasma dribbling, erection, attempted mounting, pelvic thrusting |
| consummation: female | homosexual mounting, lordosis, present hindquarters to male, immobile stance, tail deflection, urination in front of male |
| is copulatory behavior learned? | yes, animals have memory for reproductive behavior, so if an animal has a negative experience with the act it will cause problems for future reproduction |
Created by:
r.logan6029
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