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Sm & Lg Animal Med
Necropsy and Veterinary Oncology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Necropsy | Examination of an animal after it has dies to determine abnormal and disease-related changes that occurred during its life; autopsy |
| Pathology | The science and study of disease, especially the causes and development of abnormal conditions |
| Gross Pathology | Refers to pathologic changes in tissue that are visible with the unaided eye |
| Histopathology | Refers to pathologic changes in tissue that are microscopic and can only be seen with the use of a microscope |
| Lesions | Alterations or abnormalities in a tissue (wounds, sores, ulcers, tumors...) |
| Pathogenesis | Sequence of events that leads to or underlies a disease |
| Autolysis | Self-digestion of tissues or cells by enzymes that are released by their own lysosomes |
| Prosector | The person performing the necropsy |
| Sciatic Nerve | Nerve that runs along the caudal aspect of the femur beneath the biceps; important to avoid this nerve when giving intramuscular injections |
| Diaphragm | Thin, dome-shaped sheet of muscle that forms the boundary between thoracic and abdominal cavities; it helps to produce inspiration when it contracts |
| Sternum | The breastbone; the series of rod-like bones called sternebrae that form the floor of the thorax |
| Hyoid Bone | Bone in the neck region that supports the base of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx and aids the process of swallowing |
| Meninges | Connective tissue layers that cover the brain and the spinal cord |
| Axis | Second cervical vertebra; forms the atlantoaxial joint with the first cervical vertebra (the atlas) |
| Foramen Magnum | Large hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord exits the skull |
| Pituitary Gland | The "master endocrine gland"; located at the base of the brain, made up of the anterior pituitary gland, which produces 7 known hormones, and the posterior pituitary gland, which stores and releases 2 hormones from the hypothalamus |
| Mediastinum | Space in the thorax between the lungs that contains the trachea, esophagus, heart, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and major blood vessels |
| Atrioventricular (AV) Valve | Heart valve located between an atrium and a ventricle; the right AV valve is the tricuspid valve, and the left AV valve is the mitral valve |
| Pulmonary Artery | Artery arising from the right ventricle that delivers blood into the pulmonary circulation |
| Myocardium | Middle layer of the heart and the main muscle layer responsible for contraction during systole |
| Duodenum | The first segment of the small intestine after the stomach; chyme enters the duodenum from the stomach |
| Atlas | First cervical vertebra; forms the atlantooccipital joint with the occipital bone of the skull, and the atlantoaxial joint with the axis (second cervical vertebra) |
| Laminae | Interdigitations between the corium and the hoof that serve as attachment sites between the hoof and the coffin bone; also bony plates that form the roof of the arch of each spinal vertebra |
| Omentum | Supportive mesenteries, which arise from the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach |
| Forestomach | Prestomach chambers in a ruminant animal; includes reticulum, rumen, and omasum |
| Abomasum | The "true stomach" of the ruminant; secretes acids, mixes and contracts ingesta, and moves liquid chyme into the small intestine |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Bones of the limbs (appendages) |
| Neoplasm | Abnormal growth of tissue that may be benign or malignant |
| Tumor Stage | Clinical assessment of how much cancer a patient has and how much it has spread; determined by diagnostic tests; takes into account the size and degree of invasion of the primary tumor, if it has spread to lymph nodes, and if it spread to other organs |
| Tumor Grade | Microscopic assessment of the degree to which particular cancer cells are similar in appearance and function to normal cells of the same tissue type |
| Acute Radiation Toxicity | Side effects caused by radiotherapy that occur between day 1-90; characterized by toxicity to rapidly proliferating normal tissues, such as skin, mucous membranes, intestinal tract, and bone marrow, and often resolve within days to weeks |
| Chemotherapy | Use of chemical substances to treat disease, primarily with cytotoxic drugs used to treat cancer; usually systemic therapy and is given intravenously or by mouth |
| Metronomic Therapy | Treatment including continuous or frequent administration of low doses of chemotherapy drugs |
| Neutropenia | Abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils (most common type of WBC) in the blood |
| Definitive Treatment | Treatment intended to cure or permanently control a cancer; on or a combination of anticancer therapies may be used, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy |
| Teratogen | Agent or substance that may cause physical defects in a developing embryo when a pregnant female is exposed to that substance |
| Mutagen | Chemical or physical agent that causes permanent DNA injury and alteration within a cell |
| Carcinogen | Substance or agent that causes cancer in animals or people |
| Cytotoxic | Agent or process that kills cells; chemotherapy and radiotherapy are forms of cytotoxic therapy |
| Vesicant | Agent that causes tissue destruction or necrosis on extravasation (outside the vein) |
| Palliative Care | Cancer treatment administered to relieve symptoms and reduce suffering caused by cancer; primary goal is to improve quality of life; not intended to cure cancer or to even extend survival time |
| Complementary Medicine | Uses nonstandard treatments in combination with standard therapy |
| Integrative Medicine | An approach to treatment that uses complementary, holistic, and conventional treatments in a rational, evidence-based way |
Created by:
KaleighMichelle
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