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ANSC221PurdueSet#2
From Purdue University course taught by Dr. Forsyth, Exam #2 preparation.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mouth | Location: GI Tract Role: |
| Lips | Location: Mouth Role: Prehension |
| Teeth | Location: Mouth Role: break food into smaller particles, mastication |
| Tongue | Location: Mouth Role: Swallowing |
| Esophagus | Location: GI Tract Role: |
| Stomach | Location: GI Tract Role: Chemical Digestion |
| Proventriculus | Location: GI Tract Role: Poultry "true stomach" |
| Rumen | Location: Ruminant Stomach Role: large fermentation vat |
| Reticulum | Location: Ruminant Stomach Role: "hardware stomach" |
| Omasum | Location: Ruminant Stomach Role: "many piles" |
| Abomasum | Location: Ruminant Stomach Role: "true stomach" |
| Small Intestine | |
| Pyloric Valve | |
| Duodenum | Location: Small Intestine Role: |
| Jejunum | Location: Small Intestine Role: |
| Ileum | Location: Small Intestine Role: |
| Cecum | Location: Large Intestine Role: Post-absorptive fermentation vat |
| Colon | Location: Large Intestine Role: Storage, absorption |
| Large Intestine | Location: GI Tract Role: |
| Rectum | |
| Anus | |
| Cloaca | |
| Crop | Location: Esophagus Role: Grind solid feeds |
| Cecae | |
| Liver | |
| Gall Bladder | |
| Bile Duct | |
| Pancreas | |
| Pancreatic Duct | |
| Salivary Amylase | From: Saliva Use: |
| Bicarbonate | From: Saliva Use: Buffers, increases pH |
| HCl | From: GI Tract Use: Activates pepsinogen, some digestion |
| Mucin | From: GI Tract Use: |
| Renin | From: GI Tract Use: |
| Pepsinogen | |
| Pepsin | From: GI Tract Use: |
| Gastric Lipase | |
| Intrinsic Factor | From: Stomach Use: Vitamin B12 Absorption |
| Carboxypeptidase | |
| Trypsin | |
| Chymotrypsin | From: Pancreas Use: digesting proteins |
| Pancreatic Lipase | From: Use: digesting lipids |
| Pancreatic Amylase | From: Pancreas Use: digesting amylose |
| Bicarbonate | |
| Aminopeptidase | From: Pancreas Use: digestion |
| Sucrase | From: Pancreas Use: digestion |
| Maltase | From: Pancreas Use: digestion |
| Lactase | From: Pancreas Use: digestion |
| Nucleosidases | From: Pancreas Use: digestion |
| Gastrin | |
| Secretin | |
| Cholecystokinin | |
| Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) | |
| Enterocrinin | |
| Where is fat digested primarily? What is needed to do a good job? | |
| Why don't protein digesting enzymes digest the cells that made them? | |
| How is digestion of carbohydrates different in ruminants? | Instead of sugars, carbs are broken down into VFAs |
| How is protein digested in ruminants? | |
| How is protein digested in nonruminants? | |
| Why is NPN useless to nonruminants? | NPN is only useful in rumen fermentation which nonruminants do not do |
| True Digestibility | Digestibility found when taking into account any substances that are inside the animal to begin with |
| Apparent Digestibility | Digestibility found without taking into account the substance that may be in the animal to begin with |
| What losses of nitrogen occur in the body? | |
| Why is the digestibility of nitrogen the same as the digestibility of protein? | Protein is measured from Nitrogen amount, cancelation of the multiplication factor for CP |
| Endogenous | |
| How could you determine the endogenous secretion? | |
| What are the 2 different energy systems? | |
| TDN | Total Digestible Nutrients; an energy index on a carbohydrate equivalent |
| How do you calculate TDN? | (%CP x digestibility) + (%EE x 2.25 x digestibility) + (%CF x digestibility) + (%NFE x digestibility) |
| What is the lowest possible TDN value? | Zero |
| What is the highest possible TDN value? | 225 |
| Gross Energy | Includes all energy in a feed |
| Digestible Energy | Includes all energy in a feed that does not end up in the feces |
| Metabolizable Energy | What energy is left after accounting for energy lost in feces, urine, and gasses |
| Net Energy | What energy is left after accounting for energy losses to feces, urine, gasses, and heat increment |
| Why is fat of more value in the summer when it is hot? | It has a lower heat increment than carbs making heat dispersion more efficient |
| Heat Increment | Energy lost in fermentation and metabolic processes |
| How can 2 feeds have the same TDN and DE values, but be of different energy use to the animal? | |
| How can a feed be of little protein if the biological value is high? | |
| How can a feed be of little protein if the digestibility is high? | |
| What is biological value dependent on? | Retention of digestible protein |
| What does biological value indicate? | Protein quality |
| NPN | Non-Protein Nitrogen |
| What are examples of NPN? | Urea |
| Where is NPN useful? | Used by microorganisms in the rumen |
| What basis should you evaluate the protein in feed for cattle? | Crude Protein |
| What basis should you evaluate the protein in feed for hogs? | Lysine, Biological Value |
| What are the major cereal grains in order of most to least energy? | Corn > Wheat > Barley............................. |
| What is the protein content of the major cereal grains? | <20%, low |
| What is the protein quality of the major cereal grains? | Low |
| What is the mineral content of the major cereal grains? | Fair in P, Poor in Ca |
| What is the vitamin content of the major cereal grains? | Fair: Thiamine, Niacin, E Low: A, D, B2, B12, Pantothenic acid |
| Why do we feed corn to livestock? | Widely available, High yield, Grows well in Midwest |
| Opaque-2 corn | Genetically selected strain of corn for higher protein content |
| Who discovered opaque-2 corn? | Researcher at Purdue |
| What impact has opaque-2 corn had on livestock feeding? | Little, to variable in protein % to be widely used |
| What other changes to the corn endosperm have implications for feeding livestock? | Could eventually make YellowCorn 2 more protein and vitamin rich |
| Tannin | A protein-binding compound that make woody plants difficult for animals, namely birds, to digest |
| Ergot | A psychoactive alkaloid that can cause dry gangrene commonly found in rye |
| Gosspol | A dye found in some plants |
| Trypsin Inhibitor | Found in unheated soybeans |
| Aflatoxin | Found in peanut meal |
| Feeding problems with soybeans | Hulls contain urease if not pressed, Trypsin inhibitor if not heated |
| Feeding problems with cottonseed | Low protein, Can have toxic Gossypol |
| Feeding problems with rye | Ergot |
| Feeding problems with grain sorghum | Requires processing, low lysine level |
| Feeding problems with wheat | High in phosphorus |
| Feeding problems with oats | Low energy |
| Feeding problems with barley | Some lysine is unavailable |
| Feeding problems with peanut meal | Aflatoxin |
| Feeding problems with blood meal | Used to be low quality and unpalatable |
| Grain Quality | Determined by a combination of test weight, level of foreign material, color, fines & broken kernels, moisture, level of energy, level of protein (lysine), and availability of nutrients |
| What is the effect of test weight on livestock feeding? | Little to no effect |
| Aflatoxin | From: Aspergillus flavvs |
| Deoxynivalenol | From: Gibberella zea (Fusarium roseum) |
| Zearalenone | From: Gibberella zea (Fusarium roseum) |
| Fumonison | From: Fusarium miniliforme |
| Gibberella zeae | Fungal plant pathogen |
| Fusarium roseum | Fungal plant/soil pathogen |
| Fusarium moniliforme | Most prevalent fungi associated with food staples |
| Aspergillus flavus | Fungal plant pathogen |
| Which mycotoxin is carcinogenic? | Aflatoxin |
| Which mycotoxin kills horses? | Fumonison |
| Which mycotoxin causes feed refusal in pigs? | Deoxynivalenol |
| Which mycotoxin is estrogenic? | Zearalenone |
| What are the methods of processing corn? | Dry Corn Milling Wet Corn Milling |
| What are the methods of processing wheat? | |
| Major by-products of corn milling | Corn Bran, Corn Germ Meal, Hominy Feed, Corn Gluten Meal, Corn Gluten Feed |
| Major by-products of wheat milling | Wheat Bran, Wheat Middlings, Wheat Millrun, Shorts, Red Dog, Wheat Germ |
| What animals are usually fed the by-products of milling? | Cows |
| What are the by-products of the brewing industry? | Brewer's Grains, Spent Hops, Brewer's Dried Yeast, Malt Sprouts |
| What are the by-products of the distilling industry? | Distiller's Grains Distiller's Condensed/Dried Soluble Distiller's Dried Yeast |
| Which protein supplements are good substitutes for soybean meal? | Canola, Cottonseed, Peanut, Fish meal |
| Why is SBM heated? | To remove trypsin inhibitor |
| What is the difference between 44 and 48.5% SBM? | 44% = Hulled-Soybean CP 48.5% = Dehulled-Soybean CP |
| Which protein supplements are made from byproducts of the meat packing industry? | Tankage, Meat Meal, Meat & Bone Meal, Blood Meal, Dried Blood Plasma Proteins |
| Which protein supplements are made from byproducts of fish and fowl? | Feather Meal, Fish Meal |
| What is the feeding values of protein supplements derived from by-products of meat packing, fowl, and fish? | Rich in lysine, Low in Sulfur amino acids and tryptophan |
| What other by-product feeds are used to feed livestock? | Feed Screenings, Cereal Waste, Bakery Waste, Molasses, Spent Hops |
| Major by-products from corn processing by dry milling that are fed to livestock | Corn Bran Corn Germ Meal |
| Major by-products from corn processing by wet milling that are fed to livestock | Corn Gluten Meal Corn Gluten Feed |
| Major by-products from wheat processing that are fed to livestock | Wheat Bran Wheat Middlings |
| Which livestock species is usually fed corn gluten meal? Why? | Cows, protein can only be digested by ruminants |
| Which livestock species is usually fed corn gluten feed? Why? | Cows, digested quickly by ruminants |
| Which livestock species is usually fed wheat middlings? Why? | Cows, high in energy and cellulose |
| Which livestock species is usually fed wheat bran? Why? | Swine, good as a "filler" feed to reduce weight gain |
| Why is xanthophyll wanted in some poultry rations? | It has carotin so it will provide a darker egg yolk |
| How can xanthophyll be provided? | Corn, Leafy Greens |
| What sources of fat are most common in livestock diets? | Soybeans |
| What are oat groats? | Kernel of an oat after it is removed |
| Ergot | Psychoactive, alkaloid that can cause dry gangrene |
| What feed does ergot usually affect? | Rye |
| Canola | 10% Omega-3, 16 Omega-6 FAs, Improved stran of r*apeseed |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of canola? | |
| What does canola usually replace? | Soybean meal |
| What protein supplements are highest in lysine? | R*peseed, Sunflower, Peanut |
| What protein supplements are lowest in lysine? | Safflower |
| What feeding precautions should be followed regarding urea? | |
| What is urea used for as a feed? | NPN |
| What is the value of molasses relative to corn in energy? | 70% |
| What is the value of molasses relative to corn in protein? | |
| Where does molasses come from? | Sugar production |
| Cottonseed | Low protein quality, Extracted by both solvent and mechanical methods, 36-41% CP, 61-70% TDN, 10-14% CF |
| Linseed | High phosphorus, Fed to ruminants, Palatable, Northern Crop, 34-38% CP, 1.1% Lysine, 9% CF |
| Sunflower | Ruminant feed, 32-47% CP, 10-24% CF, 1.4-2% Lysine |
| Safflower | High in polyunsaturated FAs, Used for birdseed, Less palatable, 19-42% CP, 0.7-1.3% Lysine, 15-30% CF |
| R*peseed | Cool climates, 36-40% CP, 1.7-2.3% Lysine, 14% CF |
| Peanut | Feed to ruminants, Only 5-10% for swine/poultry, 40-48% CP, 1.5-1.7% Lysine, 13% CF |
| Coconut | Fed to Ruminants, High variability |
| Camelina | High in Omega-3 FAs, Fed to poultry, Short growing season |
| What is the test weight of Corn and Milo? | 56 |
| What is the test weight of Oats? | 32 |
| Percent Nitrogen Digestibility | [(N in feed - N in feces)/N in feed] x 100 |
| Nitrogen | N in feed - N in feces - N in urine |
| Nitrogen Retention | [(N in feed - N in feces - N in urine)/N in feed] x 100 |
| True N digestibility | [(N in feed - (N in feces - metabolic fecal N)/N in feed] x 100 |
| Apparent Biological Vale | [(N in feed - N in feces - N in urine)/(N in feed - N in feces)] x 100 |
| True Biological Value | (N in feed - N in feces - N in urine)/(N in feed - N in feces) |
Created by:
Katoatoato
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