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Anthropology Midterm
Modules 1-5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biological anthropology | Studies human biology within framework of evolution. |
| paleoanthropology | study of human evolution as revealed in fossil record. |
| Biomolecular (or molecular anthropology | Investigates evolutionary relationships between humans and non-primates by DNA/molecules, can help show ancient migration patterns, diets, etc |
| Primatology | study of non-human primates (living) to help us understand our behaviors. |
| Human Osteology | study of human skeleton size, shape, age, health, height etc. |
| Bioarchaeology | using same methods as ^ applied to archaeological skeletal remains - OLD |
| Paleopathology | Study of ancient disease/trauma. Important to ^, helps advance modern medicine |
| Forensic anthropology | uses methods of bioarch. applied to modern individuals in LEGAL setting. Ex. victims of crime. Help from human osteology |
| Atoms to Biosphere Model | SMALL TO BIG : Atoms-Molecules-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organisms-Population-Community-Biosphere |
| Charles Darwin best known for: | developed theory of evolution/natural selection |
| Adaptations | Physical characteristics that enhance organism’s ability to survive and reproduce |
| Natural Selection | Process by which some organisms w/ features to help adapt, preferentially survive and increase frequency of those features in population |
| Reproductive isolation | Occurs when members of pop can no longer mate successfully |
| Taxonomy | Classification of organisms into a system that reflects degrees of relatedness |
| Demography | study of population, esp. birth, survival and death |
| Evolutionary Biology | Study of organisms and their changes |
| Blending Inheritance | Outdated notion by Darwin that ‘gemmules’ were blended and passed equally from parents to offspring ex. yellow+green=blue. |
| Gregor Mendel | Rejected blending inheritance, Father of Genetics - genes |
| Gene | Sequence of DNA on a chromosome |
| Allele | An alternate form of the gene |
| Nucleotide | Sugar+Phosphate+Nitrogen base |
| Nitrogen Bases | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) |
| Somatic cells | Form organs, tissues, etc |
| Transcription | First step in DNA replication, in nucleus, 'scribing' down message to bring to ribosome for next step |
| Translation | Second step DNA replication, in cytoplasm, 'translating' message for polypeptide chain to be created |
| Gene Pool | All the genetic information in a breeding population. |
| Gene Flow | Admixture, or the exchange of alleles between populations. |
| Genetic Drift | The random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations. |
| Forces of Evolution | Mutation, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift. |
| Mutation | A random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism |
| Frameshift mutation | A change in a gene due to the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases |
| Transposable elements | Mobile pieces of DNA that can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes. |
| Geographic clines | Gradual change in phenotypic characteristics from one geographic population to the next |
| Hypoxia | Lack of oxygen |
| Osteoblasts | bone FORMING cells |
| Osteoclasts | bone REMOVING cells |
| Wolffs Law | explains homeostatic balance of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. “Bone mass is produced where needed and reduced where not” |
Created by:
heath118118
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