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CVM TAMU neuro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| I - Olfactory | cribiform plate - loss of smell (decreased appetite, etc) |
| II - Optic | optic canal - lose sight, menace response, sight avoidance reflex, and light reflex |
| III - Oculomotor (ciliary ganglion) | orbital fissure - droopy eyelid (ptosis), fixed dilated pupil (mydriasis), ventrolateral strabismus, absence of pupillary light reflex |
| IV - Trochlear | orbital fissure - eye rotation laterally |
| V - Trigeminal ophthalmic | orbital fissure - cutaneous anesthesia |
| V - Trigeminal maxillary | rostral alar foramen - cutaneous anesthesia |
| V - Trigeminal mandibular | oval foramen - cutaneous anesthesia, dropped jaw, atrophy of mastication mm. |
| VI - Abducens | orbital fissure - medial strabismus |
| VII - Facial | stylomastoid foramen - MANY signs! |
| VIII - Vestibulocochlear (spiral and vestibular ganglion) | DOESN'T exit braincase - deafness, nystagmus, ataxia, head tilt, positional strabismus |
| IX - Glossopharyngeal (otic and glossopharyngeal ganglia) | tympanooccipital fissure - difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitaiton of food, lose gag reflex |
| X - Vagus (ganglia…) | tympanooccipital fissure - LOTS! Dysphagia, dysphonia, inspiratory dysnea, megaesophagus… |
| XI - Accessory | tympanooccipital fissure - atrophy |
| XII - Hypoglossal | hypoglossal canal - dysphagia, lingual paralysis, atrophy |
| Prosencephalon | Forebrain - Splits into Telencephalon & Diencephalon |
| Telencephalon | From Prosencephalon - gives Cerebrum, Cerebellar hemispheres (cortex, centrum, Basal Nuclei) |
| Diencephalon | From Prosencephalon - Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Metathalamus |
| Mesencephalon | Midbrain |
| Rhombencephalon | Hindbrain - Splits into metencephalon and myelencephalon |
| Metencephalon | Pons & Cerebullum |
| Myelencephalon | medulla |
| Brain stem | Mesencephalon, metencephalon, Myelencephalon |
| K9 & Feline spinal cord segments | 36 |
| Horse spinal cord segments | 42 |
| Cattle spinal cord segments | 37 |
| 10 lesion locations | Forebrain, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla, C1 - C5, C6 - T2, T3 - L3, L4 - S2/S3, S1 or S2 - Cd5 |
| 5 Neuro concepts | 1 - The NS is divided into 2 parts; 2 - The functional unit of the NS is the neuron (they ALL have 4 parts); 3 - There are 3 types of neurons and 3 functional systems; 4 - two types of motor neurons; 5 - Lesions are in the PNS or CNS |
| 4 Neuron parts | Dendrites, Soma, Axon, Synapse |
| The frontal lobe | Initates motor movements |
| The parietal lobe | Pain and proprioception |
| The occipital lobe | vision and vision association |
| The temporal lobe | hearing and sound association |
| Fissures vs sulci | fissures - go down to white matter; Sulci - goes to gray matter |
| GSE | voluntary motor – all spinal nerves and cranial nerves III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII (lower motor neurons). |
| GVE | autonomic motor – all spinal nerves and cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, XI (lower motor neurons). |
| SSA | special senses afferents – sight, hearing, cranial nerves II, VIII only. |
| SVA | taste, smell, cranial nerves I, VII, IX, X only. |
| GVA | sensory to internal environment – all spinal nerves, same cranial nerves as GVE (blood pressure, heart rate, blood gas regulation, smooth muscle and gland regulation, visceral organs, blood vessels). |
| GSA | sensory to the environment – skin and mucous membranes, joints (pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception, vibration) |
| Location of cord segments C1 and C2 | both are under C1 vertebra |
| Location of cord segments C3-C8 | They are located in the the vertebra of one ahead of their number (C4 vert has C5 segment) |
| Location of cord segments T1-T12 | They are located in the vertebra approximately 1 vertebra ahead of their number. |
| Location of cord segments of T12-L2 | They are in the vertebra of the same number |
| Location of cord segment of L3 & L4 | L3 |
| Location of cord segments of L5-L7 | L4 |
| Location of cord segments of S1-S3 | L5 |
| Where does the spinal cord end | |
| Spinal nerve exits | C1 - exits the lateral vertebral foramen; C2-C7 exits in front of the vertebra of same number; C8 - exits behind C-7; T1 - Cd5 all exit behind the vertebra of it's number. |
| What divides the spinal cord into symmetrical right and left halves | dorsal median sulcus and septum and ventral median fissure |
| Where in the gray matter are inter and projection neurons found | central intermediate and dorsal column |
| What would you find in the lateral intermediate gray horn | cell bodies of the GVE LMNs that travel to autonomic ganglia |
| Where in the gray matter are GVE LMNs and what do they project to | ventral horn, skeletal muscle |
| What is the division of white matter called that lies between the entrance of the dorsal roots | dorsal funiculus |
| What is the division of white matter called that lies between the exit of the ventral roots of each side | ventral funiculus |
| What three cranial nerves do not contain GSE fibers | Olfactory, oculomotor, and vestibulocochlear |
| What 4 cranial nerves contain GSA fibers | trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus |
| What two cranial nerves contain SSA | optic and vestibulocochlear |
| What spinal cord segments contribute to the radial nerve | C7-T2 |
| Where are the cell bodies of UMNs located | the brain |
| UMNs are mostly excitatory or inhibitory | inhibitory |
| What's the autonomous zone of the radial n. in the dog | lateral forearm and dorsal paw |
| What's the autonomous zone of the musculocutaneous n. in the dog | medial arm and forearm |
| What's the autonomous zone of the ulnar n. in the dog | caudal forearm and 5th digit |
| What's the autonomous zone of the axillary nerve of the dog | lateral arm |
| What is the autonomous zone of the saphenous n. in the dog | medial thigh |
| What's the autonomous zone of the sciatic nerve in the dog | caudolateral thigh to hock |
| What's the autonomous zone of the peroneal nerve in the dog | craniolateral crus and dorsal pes |
| What's the autonomous zone of the tibial nerve in the dog | plantar pes |
| What spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus | C6-T2 |
| What spinal nerves contribute to the lumbosacral plexus | L4-S3 |
| What spinal nerves contribute to the radial nerve | C7-T2 |
| What spinal nerves contribute to the sciatic nerve | L6-S2 |
| What spinal nerves contribute to the femoral nerve | L4-L6 |
| What spinal nerves contribute to the pudendal nerve | S1-S3 |
| Lower motor neuron fibers are found in all cranial nerves except three, which are | olfactory, optic, and vestibulicochlear |
| LMNs are found in which spinal/peripheral nn. | all |
| Which 4 cranial nn. carry GVE autonomic fibers | oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus |
| What three types of cells do interneurons recieve info from | afferent neurons, projection neurons or other interneurons |
| What three types of cells do interneurons synapse on | projection neurons, other interneurons or motor neurons |
| Suprascapular n. (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | C6-7, no CZ, shoulder sweeny or popped/slipped shoulders |
| Musculocutaneous n (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | C6-8, CZ = Medial forearm to just below the carpus, Inability to flex the cubital joint |
| Radial n (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | C7-T2, CZ = craniolateral forearm and dorsal aspects of the digits 1-3, High damage - non weight bearing + ; Low damage - inability to extend carpal and digital joints |
| Median and Ulnar (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | C7-T1, CZ = caudal forearm + all of digit 5 (ulnar) + palmar surface of digits 1 - 4; damage - sinking carpus |
| Lateral Thoracic n (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | C8-T1, CZ = none, Damage = loss of cutaneous truncii reflex |
| Brachial Plexus Avulsion vs Radial n damage | Brachial plexus will display loss of CZ and Horner's syndrome (ptosis, ansicoria) |
| Lumbosacral plexus location | L4-S2 (dog) and L3-S2 (horse/cow) |
| Femoral n (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | L4-L6 (dog), L3-L5 (horse), CZ = Medial, distal thigh, stifle, leg, hock and down to the fetlock in the horse (digit one in k-9), Damage = no weight bearing, quick step, patellar reflex is absent |
| Obturator n (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | L4-L6 (dog), L3-L5 (horse), CZ = none, damage = splayed legs w/o traction or distotia with down cow |
| Sciatic n (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | L6-S2 and L5-S2 horse, CZ = lateral stifle and crus, Damage = foot knuckles over, CAN bear weight. |
| Peroneal n. (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | L6 and L7 in dog (L5 - L6 horse), CZ = dorsum of leg and digits, damage = knuckling over and loss of sensation |
| Tibial n. (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | L7-S2 in the dog (L6-S2 horse), CZ = plantar aspect of digits and entire hoof, Damage = lowered hock |
| Sacral Plexus location | S1-Cd5 dog (S3-Cd5 horse) |
| Pelvic n (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | (AUTONOMIC ONLY) S1-S3 in the dog (S3-S5 horse), CZ = tone in the bladder and rectum, damage = urination, defication, and sexual dysfunction |
| Pudendal n (Segments, cutaneous zone, when damaged) | S1-S3 in the dog (S3-S5 in the horse), CZ = perineum and rectum, damage = fecal and urinary incontinence, protrusion of penis from sheath, and loss of perineal reflex |
| 4 components of a reflex | Afferent neuron, intereuron, LMN, effector organ |
| Two types of spinal reflex | Monosynaptic - myotatic reflexes; Multisynaptic - withdrawl reflex |
| Bicep reflex (Afferent, Efferent, type of reflex, location of tap) | Afferent& Efferent = musculocutaneous, Monosynaptic, tap on medial elbow on bicep tendon, Unreliable |
| Triceps reflex (Afferent, Efferent, type of reflex, location of tap) | Afferent & Efferent = radial n, monosynaptic, tap tricep tendon at olecranon, unreliable |
| Extensor carpi radialis reflex (Afferent, Efferent, type of reflex, location of tap) | Afferent & Efferent = radial n, monosynaptic, tap the muscle right above elbow, unreliable |
Created by:
cproth
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