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VET 150 Week 1
General Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The person who is responsible for administering drugs based on the orders of a DVM | Veterinary Techinician |
| Pharmacology | The science that deals with the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs. |
| Indications | The reason for using certain drugs. |
| Contraindications | The reasons for not using certain drugs. |
| Pharmacokinetics | Complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered to the patient; describes the motion of drugs. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Study of the mechanism by which the drugs produce physiologic changes in the body; the study of how the drugs work |
| Toxicity | How adverse drug reactions affect the body |
| Bacteria and mold | Produce many of the antibiotics and antiparasitics used today |
| Alkaloids | Drugs ending in -ine |
| Glycosides | Drugs ending in -in |
| Hormones and Anticoagulants | Animals used to be the source for this but these are now made synthetically |
| Binder | Holds tablet together; Cellulose, lactase, starch |
| Coating | Protects tablet; Beeswax, methylcellulose |
| Colorings | Color & enhance appearance; Yellow No. 5, caramel color, titanium oxide |
| Disintegrants | Expand when exposed to liquid; Crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate |
| Emulsifiers | Mixes fat & water soluble agents; Stearic acid, xanthan gum |
| Fillers | Increase bulk; calcium carbonate, sorbitol, sucrose |
| Flavorings | Create or mask taste; beeswax, carob, natural orange |
| Flow agents | Prevents powders from sticking; Silica, Sodium benzoate, talc |
| Humectants | Hold moisture in; Glycerin, glycerol, sorbitol |
| Preservatives | Extend shelf life; Citric acid, potassium benzoate |
| Sweeteners | Improve taste; Aspartate, fructose, sucrose, xylitol |
| Thickeners | Increase viscosity; methylcellulose, povidone |
| Diagnostic method | Drugs selected through PE, Hx, Lab tests |
| Empirical method | Drugs selected through observations & personal experience |
| Symptomatic method | Drugs selected to treat symptoms/signs of a disease if a specific diagnosis cannot determines |
| Drug regimen | This is includes: Route of administration, Total dose, Frequency, Duration |
| Drug order | Verbal or written instructions on how to administer the drug |
| Every drug is _____ | Poison |
| ___ adverse events and reactions should be reported immediately to the veterinarian | All |
| Prescription drugs | Regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
| Drugs CANNOT be approved for animal use except when given under the supervision of a _______ | Veterinarian |
| Extra Label Use | Use of a drug in a way not specified by the label |
| ______ prescription drugs are issued, a ______ veterinarian-client-patient relationship must exist. | Before, valid |
| VCPR | In Ohio, by law a veterinarian must have seen the animal within a year for this to exist. |
| Over The Counter Drugs (OTC) | Drugs that may be used without a prescription, do not have enough potential to be toxic, do not require special administration |
| Controlled substances | Drugs that have the protentional for abuse/dependence by people, Regulated by the Drug Enforcement Administration |
| First step in the sequence of pharmacokinetics | Absorption |
| Second step in the sequence of pharmacokinetics | Distrubution |
| Third step in the sequence of pharmacokinetics | Biotransformation |
| Fourth step in the sequence of pharmacokinetics | Excretion |
| Therapeutic Range | Drug concentration that produces the desired effect with minimal/no signs of toxicity |
| Onset of Action | Begins when drug enters the plasma, Directly proportional to duration of action |
| Peak Action | Highest plasma concentration of the drug |
| Half Life | The time it takes to reduce concentration of drug in plasma by 50% |
| Steady State | Represents the state where the amount of drug leaving the plasma for the tissue equals the amount of drug leaving the tissue for the plasma; point at which the accumulation & elimination are equal |
| Loading dose | Initial higher dose of a drug. |
| Maintenance dose | A dose of a drug equal to that of an elimination at steady state. |
| Oral route | AKA Enteral route Most common method Drugs are absorbed slowly compared to other routes NOT suitable for animals with vomiting/diarrhea |
| Intravenous route | AKA IV Fastest absorption, rapid onset, shortest duration |
| Extravascular Administration | AKA Perivascular administration Missing a vein with an IV drug |
| Intramuscular route | AKA IM Slower onset of action, longer duration of action, ALWAYS ASPIRATE |
| Subcutaneous route | AKA SC/SQ Irritating substances should NOT be given through this route, ALWAYS ASPIRATE |
| Intradermal route | Injecting a drug into the skin; used in allergy testing in dogs/cats/horses, Tuberculosis testing in cattle AKA ID |
| Intraperitoneal route | Drugs delivered directly into abdominal cavity; reserved for when other routes are not available |
| Intraarterial route | Injecting a drug directly into an artery; this route is rarely used intentionally |
| Intraarticular route | Drug injected into a joint; MUST be sterile due to extreme infection risk |
| Intracardiac route | Drug injected directly through the chest wall into the chambers of the heart, Used in CPR & euthanasia, NEVER use in front of an owner |
| Intrathecal route | Spinal anesthesia, Epidural space/Subdural space AKA IT |
| Inhalation route | Medications delivered via inspired air |
| Topical route | Drugs placed on the skin or mucous membranes |
| Sublingual | Applied to the oral mucosa |
| Suppository | Applied in the rectum |
| Transdermal medications | Often involves use of a pacth applied to skin to deliver the drug Ex: Lidocaine patch |
| Bioavailablity | Degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulation |
| Passive diffusion | Simple diffusion of a drug molecule across a membrane with the concentration gradient; no energy used |
| Ion Trapping | Occurs when a drug molecule changes from ionized form to non-ionized form as it moves from one body compartment to another |
| ___ is different in different areas of the body. | pH |
| Active transport | Drug crosses cell membranes using a carrier molecule; Against the concentration gradient, USES energy |
| Drug transporters | Major role in drug absorption, Most common is P-glycoprotein (P-gp) |
| Pinocytosis | AKA Cell drinking Cell membrane surrounds and engulfs liquid particles; uses LOTS of energy |
| Tissue perfusion | Blood supply to an area of tissue |
| Dissolution | Process of breaking down a table or enteral form into its individual molecules of drug |
| Solubility | Ability to dissolve in water |
| First Pass Effect | Applies to enteral medications, after absorption drug doesn't go directly into systemic circulation |
| Blood Brain Barrier | Capillaries in the brain are different from capillaries in the body; minimally permeable to most drugs Some dogs have a defect in this that causes toxicities to drugs like Ivermectin |
| Biotransformation | AKA Metabolism |
| Metabolite | A drug that has been biotransformed |
| Prodrug | A biologically inactive compound which can be metabolized in the body to produce a drug. |
| Liver | Site of most biotransformation; Cytochrome P450 enzymes induce chemical reactions that change the drug |
| Kidney, Lungs, Nervous system | Sites of minor biotransformation |
| Oxidation | Drug molecule loses electrons; phase 1 reaction |
| Reduction | Drug molecule gains electrons; phase 1 reaction |
| Hydrolysis | Splitting of a drug molecule and addition of water to each of the split portions; phase 1 reaction |
| Conjugation | addition of a glucuronic acid molecule to the drug molecule; allows the drug to become water soluble; phase 2 reaction |
| Most drugs are eliminated from the body by the _______ via urine | Kidneys |
| Drugs can be excreted by the _____ via bile. | Liver |
| Drugs can be excreted by the ____ via milk. | Mammary glands |
| Drugs can be excreted by ____ via hair. | Skin |
| Tubular reabsorption | Drug molecules are reabsorbed from filtrate back into blood |
| Glomerular filtration | Glomerulus filters drug molecules from the blood into the urine. |
| Tubular filtration | Tubules secrete metabolites from the capillaries surrounding the tubule, turning it into filtrate; this filtrate becomes urine. |
| Drugs can be excretes by the ____ via expired air. | Lungs |
| Oral drugs that are not absorbed are excreted by the _______ via feces. | GI tract |
| Drug Residue | Quantity of drug left in animal tissues after administration of a medication |
| Withdrawal time | Wait time for drug residue to fall below the tolerance. |
| Receptors | May be component of a cell membrane or internal component of a cell; these cause alterations in cell function |
| Affinity | Tendency of a drug to combine with it's receptors; determines a drug's efficacy |
| Intrinsic Activity | The ability of a drug molecule to produce a cellular effect when it combines with the receptor |
| Agonist | High affinity & efficacy Binds to receptors & causes an action |
| Partial agonist | less efficacy |
| Antagonist | Binds to receptor, but causes NO action Prevents another drug from combining with a receptor |
| Dose-Response Curve | Displays the relationship between the dose of a drug and the body's response until a plateau is achieved |
| Potency | Degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient |
| Therapeutic Index | Relationship between a drug's ability to achieve desired effect & its tendency it produce toxic effects |
| Adverse Drug Event | Harm to the patient caused by administration of a drug for therapeutic or diagnostic reasons |
| Idiosyncratic drug reaction | Unusual/unexpected reaction |
| Drug interaction | Altered pharmacological response to a drug |
| Pharmacokinetic interaction | Plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by the presence of another drug |
| Pharmacodynamic Interaction | Action or effect of one drug is altered by another |
| Pharmaceutic Interaction | Physical or chemical interactions that take place as a result of mixing drugs in a syringe |
| Object drug | Drug being acted upon |
| Precipitant drug | Drug that does the influencing |
| Brand name | AKA Proprietary name/Trade name Patented name that belongs to the company that originally developed the drug; Begins with a capital letter |
| Generic name | Drug developed by other companies after the patient has expired; Common name/Non-proprietary name, begins with a lowercase letter |
| Chemical name | Name that describes the chemical make up of a drug |
| FDA; regulated the development & approval of animal drugs a& feed additives | Food and Drug Administration |
| CVM; Division of the FDA | Center for Veterinary Medicine |
| EPA; Regulated the development & approval of animal topical pesticides | Environmental Protection Agency |
| USDA; Regulates the development & approval of biologics (vaccines, serums, antitoxins) | United States Department of Agriculture |
| APHIS; Divisions of the USDA | Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service |
| FARAD; holds residue avoidance information & educational materials; expert advice concerning avoidance of residues List of all FDA approved drugs & provides information about withdrawal times | Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank |
| Preliminary trials | Performed to determine if the drug produces the desired affect, whether is has toxic properties, whether it will be profitable |
| Stimulated testing | Ex: Computer models, Lab media, Simple organisms |
| Preclinical trials | Carried out with the use of lab animals to gather information about appropriate doses of the drug |
| INAD; filed when preclinical trial results are positive with an antibiotic | Investigational New Animal Drug |
| EUP; filed when preclinical trial results are positive with pesticides | Experimental Use Permit |
| Clinical trails | Product is tested in the target species; must prove that the drug is safe and effective |
| USP; Lists drugs & standards for their quality and purity | United States Pharmacopeia |
| Post Marketing Surveillance | Company & Government monitoring; ensures safety and efficacy |
| The Green Book | List of ALL animal drug products that have been approved for use by the FDA for safety & effectiveness |
| AMDUCA; Passed in 1994, Made extra-label use of approved veterinary drugs legal under specific conditions | Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act |
| Compounding | Mixing or diluting drugs |
| Veterinary Feed Directive | VFD; Provides the FDA CVM control over the use of animal feed additives |
| Minor Use & Minor Species Animal Health Act | Specifically defines the use of labeled drugs for minor species; defines the use of labeled drugs for uncommon indications in major species |
| Dispensing | Selling the drug to a client while they are at the animal hospital |
| Prescribing | Sending a drug order to a pharmacy |
Created by:
Acraft02
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