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chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Solute | Substance that is dissolved in another substance |
| Solvent | A substance in which another substance is dissolved. |
| Solution | a homogenous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase |
| Explain how the polarity of water permits it to be a solvent. | Becuase water is polar, more chemicals including inconic compounds and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it. |
| What kinds of molecules do water molecules surround? | Water molecules surround molecules of solute; the negatively charged ends of water surround positively charged molecules and vise |
| What kind of molecules do water molecules form a blanket around? | The positive ends of water molecules form a blanket around negatively charged molecules and vise |
| What does hydrophilic mean? How do water molecules interact with hydrophilic compounds? | The tendency of a tissue to absorb or be attracted to water; Water molecules dissolve hydrophilic compounds. |
| What does hydrophobic mean? How do water molecules interact with hydrophobic compounds? | The tendency of a tissue to be repelled by water or to insoluble; Water molecules surround droplets of hydrophilic molecules gathered together. |
| Explain how water can move other substances around. | After being dissolved in water, certain substances can be easily transfered to other locations of the body or a cell through water via blood, lymph, and intracellular or extracellular fluid. |
| How do you think a suspension is different from a solution? | Solutions are homogeneous and contain microscopic ions and molecules with while suspensions are heterogeneous and contain macroscopic particles. |
| Besides blood, what is another water based solution in living organisms (mammals)? | Urine |
| What is suspended in blood? What is dissolved? What is the solvent? | Cells and chemicals in water are suspended in blood. Small amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as more significant amounts of nitrogen, are dissolved. |
| Where does heat come from in a living organism? | Heat comes from chemicals in a solution that give off energy as heat. |
| Why is water able to stabilize the internal temperature of living organisms? | Water can absorb heat from biochemical reactions so that the overall temperature of the solution does not rise too rapidly |
| How does water’s high heat of vaporization permit water to remain within a living organism? | It makes it so water requires a fairly high amount of heat to become a gas. |
| How does water’s polarity allow it to be utilized as a lubricant for moving parts in the body? | Waters polarity makes water surround molecules, giving it a blanketing property that allows things in the body to rub together without damage. |
| Why is water called a polar molecule? | It has a slight positive charge in the area of the hydrogen atoms and a slight negative charge in the area of the oxygen atom. |
| What is a salt? | A salt is a mineral compound that has ionic bonds. They are also the principal form of minerals that enter and are stored in the body. |
| What happens to salts when mixed with water? | When mixed with water, salts immediately ionize and divide into separate ions |
| What is an ion? What is an electrolyte? | An electrically charged atom or molecule; Substances that have the ability to transmit an electric charge |
| What is the primary form of minerals that enter and are stored within the body? | Salts |
| What electrolytes are involved in nerve impulse transmission? | Sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) |
| What electrolytes are involved In muscle contraction? | Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) , and calcium ions (Ca2+) |
| How is an ion different from an atom? | Atoms are neutral. An ion is an electrically charged particle. |
| Name some examples of electrolytes. | Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and magnesium |
| What are acids? What happens when acids are added to water? | Ionically bonded substances that, when added to water, freely release hydrogen ions (H+) |
| What do acids donate? | Acids donate protons |
| What are bases? What happens when bases are added to water? | Alkaline compounds that are ionically bonded. When added to water, they ionize and release a hydroxyl ion (OH |
| What do bases accept? | Protons |
| Are acids and bases electrolytes? Why or why not? | Yes because when they ionize in water, they can transmit electricity. |
| What happens if an acid and a base are added to water? | If added to water, they neutralize each other. |
| What do all organic compounds contain? | Large carbon molecules |
| What are the four groups of organic compounds? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| In what state is carbon the most stable? | When it has four covalent bonds with other atoms |
| What are the three forms carbon molecules can exist in? How does this effect the variability of organic structures? | |
| It can exist in Chains, rings, and branches. This affects the variability of structures through allowing for various structures to be built using a small selection of atoms | |
| What are macromolecules? | Long, complex, organic molecules, often with repeating units. |
| What are carbohydrates used for? | They are used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structures |
| What are carbohydrates composed of? | Composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as in Water (2 to 1. |
| Why are carbohydrates considered hydrated carbon? | They are considered this because they contain water |
| What is a monosaccharide? How many carbons does it contain? | The simplest form of a carbohydrate, also known as a simple sugar. They contain three to seven carbon atoms in a chain or ring. |
| Hexose sugar | A molecule containing six carbon atoms, such as glucose. |
| Pentose sugar | A molecule containing five |
| Is glucose a hexose or pentose sugar? | Hexose |
| What is a disaccharide? | two monosaccharides joined together in a synthesis reaction; ‘two sugars’ |
| What is dehydration synthesis? How does this relate to how disaccharides are forms? | The combination of two or more simple materials to form one or more complex materials by removing water. It is through this process that disaccharides are formed since water is created and removed during the reaction that creates them. |
| What is anabolism? | The form of metabolism by which cells build complex compounds from simpler ones |
| What is hydrolysis? How does this relate to the breakdown of a disaccharide? | A process that breaks down more complex materials into simpler ones by adding water. This relates to the breakdown of a disaccharide through disaccharides being broken down into monosaccharides through this process. |
| What is catabolism? | The decomposition of nutrients |
| What is a polysaccharide? How are they formed? | Combinations of many monosaccharides all joined by dehydration synthesis |
| What are the primary functions of polysaccharides? | Their primary function is to store fuel |
| What are differences between glycogen, starches, and cellulose? | Glycogen stores fuel in body tissues. Starch has a similar function in plant tissues, and cellulose provides structural strength to plants |
| What is a glycoprotein? | A macromolecule composed of a carbohydrate attached to a protein |
| What are the three elements found in all carbohydrates? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Name some examples of monosaccharides | Glucose and fructose |
| Dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| Polyscharide | A complex, multi |
| What are lipids used for? How are lipids stored? | Used for energy and stored in fat |
| What are the four classes of lipids? | neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids |
| What are lipids primarily composed of? What else do lipids contain sometimes? | Primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sometimes they also contain phosphorus. |
| How is Lipid composition different from carbohydrates? | Their composition differs from carbohydrates through not having as much oxygen, making them hydrophobic. |
| What else are neutral fats called? What do they contain? | They are also called triglycerides. They contain Three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. |
| What is glycerol? Fatty acid? | The main component of triglycerides present in all fats; the building blocks of the fat in our bodies |
| What is a saturated fatty acid? Unsaturated fatty acid? Where are each commonly found? | a fatty acid with all of its bonds in the hydrocarbon chain being single bonds. It is commonly found in animal fats like butter and lard. Unsaturated fatty acids with some double bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms. It is commonly found in plants |
| What type of reaction joins the glycerol backbone to the fatty acids? | A dehydration reaction |
| What type of reaction breaks down a triglyceride? | A hydrolysis reaction |
| How are excess lipids stored in the body? What are other functions of this tissue? | Excess lipids are stored in the adipose tissue which acts to pad vital organs from trauma and act as insulation to help maintain body temperature. |
| Are neutral fats hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | Hydrophobic |
| What is a lipoprotein? | A macromolecule composed of proteins and lipids |
| How is the phosphate head different from the rest of the molecule? | Unlike the rest of the molecule, the phosphate head is hydrophilic and polar |
| How does the structure of the phosphate head affect the behavior of phospholipids in water | The structure allows phospholipids to form lipid bilayers when placed in a polar substance like water. |
| What is a lipid bilayer? | Phospholipids lined up in two layers |
| What kind of bonds does the phosphate head form with water? | Hydrogen bonds |
| What are the structural similarities and differences between neutral fats and phospholipids? | Neutral facts are simple lipids and mixtures of Triglycerides. Phospholipids are compounds or conjugated lipids and a heterogeneous group of polar lipids. They both have a glycerol backbone |
| What is the role of phospholipids in the cell membrane? | They are the main component of the cell membrane |
| Are steroids hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Polar or non | polar? |
| What is the structure of steroids? | The structure of steroids are lipids that take the form of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon Rings. |
| How are different types of steroids created? | They are created by attaching unique functional groups to the 4 ring structure of the molecule. |
| List the steroid hormones. | cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone |
| What are the components of a eicosanoid? | Lipids formed from a 20 carbon fatty acid and a ring structure |
| What are the functions of prostaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotrienes? | prostaglandins: Mediates inflammation. Thromboxane: Mediates platelet function. Leukotrienes: Mediates bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production. |
| What are the three elements found in all lipids? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| What makes up the backbone of all lipid molecules? | Carbon atoms |
| What is the most abundant organic molecule in the body? Which organic molecule has the largest variety of function? | Proteins |
| What are proteins used for? | Proteins are used for cell structures and structural body tissues for controlling chemical reactions for regulating growth and for defending the body from Invaders |
| What are the chemical components of proteins? | The chemical components are proteins are carbon oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen some also contain sulfur iron or phosphorus as well as amino acids |
| How many different amino acids are used by the body? | 20 different amino acids are used by the body |
| What are the components of an amino acid? What makes them different from each other? | ?the components of an amino acid are a central carbon atom linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called the side chain. Each of the amino acids differ through having different side chain structure |
| How do amino acids form proteins? | Amino acids form proteins through linking together and forming polypeptides that form a protein when they come together |
| What type of reaction links amino acids together? | dehydration synthesis |
| What is a peptide bond? | a peptide bond is a covalent joining of one amino acid to another to form a peptide |
| What is a dipeptide? Tripeptide? Polypeptide? Protein? | a short chain of two amino acids; a chain of three amino acids joined together; a chain of 10 or more amino acids linked together; a chain of over 100 amino acids |
| How is the structure of a protein related to its function? | the shape of a protein molecule directly determines its function |
| What structure would you be likely to find in proteins utilized to provide strength to tissues? What structure would you be likely to find in proteins utilized in a functional protein? | fibrous proteins; Globular proteins |
| What are the four levels of protein structure? Describe each one. | Primary secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| Primary | the sequence and number of amino acids that link to form the peptide chain |
| Secondary | the natural bend of parts of the peptide chain |
| Tertiary | The overall shape of a single protein molecule |
| Quaternary | when 2 or more protein chains join to form a complex macromolecule |
| What is an alpha helix? Beta | pleated sheet? Can they occur together? |
| How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids within a protein affect its structure? | the protein molecule folds in on itself often shielding the inner hydrophobic amino acids while the outer hydrophilic amino acids allow the protein to be water soluble |
| What is a disulfide bond? | A sulfur protein in one part of the protein covalently bonded to a sulfur atom and another part of the protein |
| What are the characteristics of structural proteins? What is their function? | Structural proteins are stable ridgid water |
| What is collagen? Where is it found? | the main protein in connective tissues, found in ligaments, cartilage, bone, and tendons. |
| What is fibrin? Where is it found? | the fibrous connective tissue in blood clots |
| Why are they called fibrous proteins? | They are called fibrous proteins because they often have a long stringy shape |
| What is keratin? Where is it found? | the main protein in hair, hooves, horns and the outer layer of skin. |
| What are the characteristics of functional proteins? | Generally water soluble with a flexible three |
| Why are they called globular proteins? | because they have a convoluted changeable shape |
| What do you think “highly chemically active” means? | High reactivity |
| What is an enzyme? What do they do? | proteins that catalyze or speed up chemical reactions |
| What is a substrate? | substance acted on by an enzyme |
| What determines the specificity of an enzyme? | The shape, charge, and hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties of the enzyme and it's substrates |
| Where is nitrogen found? | In all proteins except carbs and lipids |
| What is the building blocks of proteins? | Amino acids |
| What holds two amino acids together? | Peptide bond |
| What is a peptide? | A short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| How do enzymes work? | Enzymes work by locking on and transforming substrate molecules |
| What are nucleic acids composed of? | Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| Do living organisms contain all the chemical elements found on Earth? | No, they are only composed of a few elements |
| How are the compounds that make up living organisms categorized? | into inorganic and organic compounds |
| Organic Compounds | Large, complex, carbon |
| Inorganic Compounds | Small molecules with Ionic bonding that rarely contain carbon. Ex: Water, Salts, Acids, and Bases. |
| Why is carbon an essential component of organic molecules? | Because carbon can form stable bonds with many elements, including itself. |
| How many bonds can carbon form? How does this relate to their ability to form long chains? | 4 covalent bonds; These covalent bonds bond with other elements, enabling the formation of long hydrocarbon chains |
| What is a hydrocarbon? | An organic compound composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. |
| What is a functional group? | A unique, specific group of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. |
| What are the two classes of nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA |
| What does DNA stand for? | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Where is DNA located? What is the function of DNA? | Located in the nucleus and mitchondria. its function is to contain all the instructions needed by the cell to build proteins |
| What is a gene? | A sequence of nucleotides that carries information to make one peptide chain. |
| What does RNA stand for? | Ribonucleic acid |
| What is the role of RNA? | carries instructions on how to make proteins to the cytoplasm |
| Where is RNA produced? Where is it used? | RNA is synthesized from DNA. It is used in cells, DNA and ribosomes. |
| Explain the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins. | DNA mean change the protein and coding information where is RNA uses the info to enable the cell to synthesize the particular protein |
| What is a nucleotide? | the molecular building blocks of nucleic acids |
| What are the components of a nucleotide? | composed of a nitrogenous base plus a five carbon (pentose) Sugar, plus a phosphate group |
| What is the difference between the sugars found in DNA and RNA? | The sugar found in DNA is deoxyribose and the sugar found in RNA is Ribose. Deoxyribose is more stable and contains hydrogen atoms. Ribose has a hydroxyl (OH) group. |
| Name the five different nucleotides. How are they named? | Named for their nitrogenous bases; Adenine , guanine, cytosine, and Uracil, and thymine. |
| Which nucleotides are found in DNA and RNA? Which is only found in DNA? Only in RNA? | Adenine, guanine, cytosine occur in both DNA and RNA. Uracil is only found in RNA. Thymine is only found in DNA |
| Which part of the nucleotide bonds with other nucleotides? Which part is biologically active? | Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the third carbon atom of the pentose sugar in the next nucleotide; The nitrogenous base is biologically active. |
| What determines the information needed to produce proteins? | The order of the nucleotides |
| How many nucleotides are grouped to code for a single amino acid? | Three Chormosome Long chains of genes combined with DNA |
| DNA is formed from how many strands of nucleotides? How are the strands arranged? How are they connected? | 2; Nucleotides, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine; connected by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. |
| How do the nucleotide bases provide specificity to the strands bonding? | Adenine can only bond with thymine and guanine can only bond with cytosine |
| What is a double helix? | Two strands of bonded nucleic acid twisted around each other in a spiral. |
| RNA is formed from how many strands of nucleotides? | 1 strand (it is a single |
| What three types of RNA are involved with protein synthesis? What are each of their roles? | Transfer: Copies the information in the DNA molecule. Messenger: carries the info out of the nucleus. Ribosomal: Uses the info to create the proteins needed by the body. |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine triphosphate |
| How is glucose related to ATP? | As glucose is broken down into monosaccharides, the energy created is stored in the molecule ATP. |
| Why do cells need ATP? | To fuel any work they do |
| What is cellular respiration? | When cells use nutrients to create ATP |
| What type of bonds store the energy? | Phosphate bonds |
| Why is ATP considered an RNA nucleotide? | It is derived from one of the four subunits of RNA, adenosine phosphate |
| What are the three components of an ATP molecule? | the nitrogen base adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached. |
| How is the phosphate group in ATP different from a typical Adenine nucleotide? | The phosphate group in ATP stores the energy needed by the body while a typical adenine nucleotide stores and transfers the energy needed by cells. |
| Which bonds within an ATP molecule are considered, “high energy”? | phosphoanhydride bonds. |
| Which ATP bonds are broken to release energy? | The bonds between phosphate groups |
| What is the role of enzymes in ATP energy production? | Enzymes must move the terminal phosphate group to another molecule |
| What does it mean to be phosphorylated? | is the process of adding a phosphate to ADP creating ATP |
| What is ADP? What does it stand for? | Adenosine diphosphate: What is formed when an ATP molecule loses a phosphate group |
| What is AMP? What does it stand for? | Adenosine monophosphate: A nucleotide that contains one phosphoric acid group. |
| How does AMP or ADP convert back to ATP? | By adding a high energy phosphate group |
| DNA nucleotide vs ATP molecule | A DNA nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose while an ATP molecule contains the sugar ribose |
| How do ATP molecules release energy? | The bond between the second and third phosphate is broken and energy is released |
| Hydroxyl: Structural form (written) | -OH |
| Carboxyl: Structural form and model | -c |
Created by:
jwelsh
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