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Mammal repro 01
exam 1-1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| primordial follicle | fixed at birth, single layer of squamous cells |
| primary follicle | single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells |
| secondary follicle | >1 layer of cuboidal granulosa cells, zona pellucida developed |
| tertiary (antral) follicle | many layers of cuboidal granulosa cells, antrum, zona pellucida, theca interna and externa |
| theca interna | just outside granulosa cells, produces testosterone to convert to estrogen |
| theca externa | outside theca interna, connective tissue where blood vessels terminate |
| duplex uteri | two cervical canals, marsupials and rabbits |
| simplex uteri | uterine body, no uterine horns, humans and primates |
| biconuate uteri | two uterine horns and small uterine body, cows horses and sows |
| tunica dartos location | beneath scrotal skin, smooth muscle |
| tunica dartos function | contract in low temperature to decrease surface area of scrotal skin, relax in high temperature to increase surface area of scrotal skin |
| tunica dartos temperature regulation | thermoreceptors detect temperature, sends afferent nerve signal to spinal cord, spinal cord sends efferent signal to scrotum |
| pampinoform plexus location | convoluted testicular veins in spermatic cord |
| pampinoform plexus function | counter current heat exchange, venous blood is heated by artery when returning to body, venous blood cooled when brought to testes |
| cremaster muscle | moves testes relative to fight or flight and regulates blood flow to testes |
| rete tubules | drain seminiferous tubules |
| seminiferous epithelium cells | sertoli cells, germ cells, and peritubular cells |
| interstitial compartment cells | leydig cells and capillaries |
| sertoli cells | tight junctions make blood testes barrier |
| germ cells | spermatogonia near basal compartment, spermatozoa near lumen |
| peritubular cells | basement membrane separating epithelium and interstitial, contractions move sperm, form blood testes barrier |
| leydig cells | produce testosterone |
| hypothalamus | neural control center for pituitary and neural peptides, produces GnRH |
| posterior pituitary hormones | oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone |
| posterior pituitary connection | direct connection to hypothalamus, neuron body in hypothalamus, axon terminates in posterior pituitary |
| anterior pituitary connection | not connected to hypothalamus, hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system acts as an intermediate |
| oxytocin pathway | suckling sends afferent spinal cord, efferent signal to hypothalamus, synthesizes oxytocin, nerve body synthesizes oxytocin, stored in axon terminus in posterior pituitary, released into blood and send to mammary glands for lactation |
| posterior pituitary embryonic development | brain tissue |
| anterior pituitary embryonic development | roof of the mouth |
| simple neural reflex | involves only nervous system, not the brain or hormones |
| ejaculation simple neural reflex | stimulus causes afferent signal to spinal cord and efferent signal to ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, and urethralis muscles to contract for ejaculation |
| simple neural reflex time | quick, not long lasting |
| neuroendocrine reflex | involves brain and hormones |
| milk let down neuroendocrine reflex | suckling sends afferent spinal cord, efferent signal to hypothalamus, synthesizes oxytocin, nerve body synthesizes oxytocin, stored in axon terminus in posterior pituitary, released into blood and send to mammary glands for lactation |
| neuroendocrine reflex time | slow, longer lasting |
| peptide hormone | short chain of amino acid, GnRH |
| protein hormone | long chain of amino acids, prolactin |
| glycoprotein hormone | protein with a carbohydrate, actin, inhibin, LH, and FSH |
| glycoprotein hormone mechanism | form dimers to activate hormones |
| activin | both have same alpha subunit, different beta subunits |
| inhibin | variations of beta subunits |
| LH and FSH | same alpha, beta differs |
| prostaglandin precursor | arachidonic acid from phospholipid membrane |
| prostaglandin enzymes | COX 1 and COX 2 |
| prostaglandin products | PGF2a and PGE2 |
| PGF2a | vasoconstriction, CL regression, parturition |
| PGE2 | vasodilation, CL maintenance, ovulation |
| NSAIDS | target COX 1 and 2 to inhibit conversion to prostaglandin |
| steroid hormones | cholesterol precursor, 17 carbons in 4 ring structure |
| endocrine disruptor | disrupting homeostasis of endocrine system, BPA |
| ELISA | detects presence of hormones using hormone antibodies |
Created by:
r.logan6029
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