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VET115 Lg. Animal Dz
Equine Husbandry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Zoological Classification | Animal, Chordata, Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae (fam), Equus (genus), Caballus (species) |
| mare | female after 3rd birthday |
| broodmare | a female being used for breeding |
| stallion | intact male 2-3 yrs |
| gelding | castrated male of any age |
| foal | young horse, birth-weaning (4-7 mo old usually) |
| weanling | young horse weaning-1st birthday |
| yearling | horse 1-1.5 yrs |
| long yearling | horse 1.5-2 yrs |
| colt | intact male 2-3 yrs old |
| filly | female 2-3 yrs old |
| Temperature | 99-101.5*F |
| Pulse Rate | -adults: 28-44 beats/minute -athletic horses: less than 28 bpm -foals @ birth: 60-80 bpm -foals 1st 2 wks of life: 70-100 bpm |
| Respiration Rate | 6-12 breaths per minute |
| Estrous Type | seasonally polyestrous (long day breeder), has a 15-26 day frequency, duration is 2-12 days. Ovulation occurs the last 48 hours of estrus. |
| Puberty | female: 10-24 months male: 5-18 months |
| Time of First Breeding | female: 3 years male: 3 years |
| Gestation | 305-365 days (powerpoint also says 330-345 days, 360 is common??) |
| Sport Horses | have a birthdate of January 1st regardless of their actual date of birth, having a foal born early in the year leads to stronger bigger competition horses. |
| Altering Estrous | this is done by artificial lighting, it fools the mares system by increasing photoperiod (summer estrous cycle), creates a longer breeding season and is started in December, extended to 16 hrs of daylight. |
| Semen Storage | protect semen from air, sunlight, extreme heat/cold, fresh should be use immediately, cooled is stored in plastic bags within a special insulated container, must be used within 24 hrs. |
| Impending Parturition (CS) | CS: not reliable enough to predict the time with absolute certainty, edema of the legs, plaque of edema on the ventral abdomen, udder enlarges 2-4 wks before, wax on teats, mild vulvar swell, relaxation of pelvis, temp, calcium levels |
| Calcium levels | less than 400ppm means unlikely foaling, over 400ppm means most mares will foal within 48 hours. |
| Parturition (stage 1) | stage with restlessness, pacing, sweating, not want food, lying down and getting up frequently, posturing to urinate frequently. Lasts 2-4 hours and mares should be separated from other horses. Tail wrapped, perineal area washed, remove Caslick suture |
| Parturition (stage 2) | stage where foal is delivered, do not interefere with birth process, horses will release 8-20 L of fluid, delivery is within 20-30 minutes. Dystocia if not within 45 minutes. |
| Parturition (stage 3) | stage where placenta and fetal membranes are passed within 2-4 hours of foaling, placenta considered retained after 4 hours. Client needs to save placenta for vet exam. |
| Dystocia | difficult birth; incidence is low compared to other large animals. Recovery of a foal is not often. Most common cause if fetal malposition. "RED BAG" = emergency. use physical restraints, not stocks, behavior unpredictable. Need chemicals/epidural |
| C-Section | last resort for parturition; performed through a ventral midline incision and general anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. High complication rate, risky, recovery of foal is rare, team of assistants should be available in case a live foal is recovered. |
| New Mare Check | -PE of rectal, vag, perineal exam, trauma -Uterus lavaged to dilute & expel lochia -Placenta examined |
| New Foal Check | -PE -blood draw for passive antibody transfer & CBC |
| Neonatal Period | the first 4-5 days of life, susceptible to many conditions, outward appearance of a foal can be deceptive, may have only vague clinical signs. Failure to recognize early signs leads to delays in dx and tx. |
| Neonatal Foal | -spontaneous breathing (30-60 secs) -HR & RR equal or greater than 60 (5 min) -Foal stands (30-60 min) -Foal nurses (60-180 min) -Foal urinates (<10 hrs) -Foal defecates (<24 hrs) |
| Oxygenation and Pulse Assessment | the 1st priority; clearing the airway. |
| Temperature Regulation | neonatal foals are highly sensitive to hypothermia, heal lamps should be used, deep bedding to keep warm (straw), drafts avoided, NO electric heating blankets/pads. Efforts to warm foals should begin at 100*F |
| Umbilical Cord Care | -do not cut umbilical cord unless necessary to prevent strangulation, hemostats must be used and an umbilical clamp place for 4-6 hrs. -Traction should never be placed on the umbilicus -umbilical stump dipped in antiseptic (2-3x day for 1st wk) |
| Suckling Reflex | tested by placing 1-2 fingers into the foals mouth, it should stimulate an aggressive suckling reflex. This is not present at birth, appears within 20 minutes. |
| Resentful Mares | -may try to kick foal -usually maiden mares or mares w/ sensitive udders -mares may need to be twitched/sedated to allow foal to nurse. Problem usually improves over several days |
| Hypoglycemia | this condition develops quickly in foals that are not nursing/nursing poorly. Foals should nurse every 2 hours. |
| Orphaned/Neglected Foal (nutrition) | -pan or bucket feeding (most common) -bottle feeding with rubber ewe nipples, offer bottle under the handlers armpit which stimulates bumping and udder seeking behaviors. |
| Mare & Foal Bonding | mare & foal should be left alone for bonding. Rejection is related to the immediate environment of the mare (human interference, noises, dogs, seeing other horses). Mare is protective of foals. |
| Mares during foal procedures | mare should be restrained before an attempt is made to approach or restrain the foal, handler should not prevent mare from seeing/being close to the foal. Let the mare be as close to the action as possible, keep brief. |
| Meconium | fetal feces |
| Meconium Process | fetus swallows amniotic fluid, hard dark pellets, often difficult to pass. Routine to give newborn foals an enema, mild soap and water may be given through tubing via gravity flow. Repeat every 6 hrs until passes. |
| Meconium Impaction (CS) | CS: frequent posturing and straining to defecate without producing feces, frequent swishing of the tail as if agitated, restlessness, decreased nursing, rolling, ab distention |
| Neonatal Bacterial Septicemia | the leading cause of sickness and death in foals less than 7 days of age, mortality is 75%. Main risk factor is not consuming antibodies from colostrum. |
| Frozen Colostrum | should be thawed in a warm water bath prior to use, given by nasogastric tube or bottle, administration must occur within 16 hrs of birth to be effective. |
| slide 98 |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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