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VET115 Lg. Animal Dz
Equine Dz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Strangles | "Equine Distemper," caused by Streptococcus equi. CS: swelling/abscesses of lymph nodes, fever, depression, painful jaw, drainage of abscess. Tx: self-limiting, clean abscesses, supportive care, NSAID's, abx, isolate. Contagious for 5 wks after CS's end. |
| Influenza | highly contagious orthomyxoviridae. CS: high fever, cough, depression, nasal discharge. Dx: CS's and virus isolation. Horses are ill for 3-4 days and need to vaccinate. |
| Equine Herpesvirus (EHV) | very contagious virus, 2 types (EHV1, EHV4). Causes resp dz, abortion, neonatal & neurological dz. Signs similar to influenza. Vaccs @5, 7, and 9 months of gestation. Neuro dz has high morbidity and mortality. Vaccs foals a few times. |
| Equine Viral Arteritis | contagious viral dz. CS: leg swelling, conjunctivitis, abortion, resp dz, high fever, laminitis. Dx: CS's, paired serum samples, virus isolation. Tx: supportive care, vaccine available, do not vaccs pregnant mares. |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | AKA recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and causes narrowing of airways and excessive mucous production. Many horses w/ this are allergic to molds. Tx: bronchodilators or steroids to reduce swelling, no cure. |
| Guttural Pouch | two large symmetric ventral diverticulum of Eustachian tube, is above pharynx & larynx. It lowers temperature of blood traveling to the brain. |
| Choke | obstruction of the esophagus. CS: stretched neck, coughing, hyper salivation. Tx: may alleviate with NG tube, sx. Can cause aspiration pneumonia. |
| Gastric & Colonic Ulcers | caused by stress, high grains, pain, NSAIDs, and occurs in foals. Use anti-ulcer medication (Omeprazole). |
| Colitis | causes rapid fluid loss, depression, no appetite, ab pain, tachycardia, prolonged CRT. Caused by Salmonella, Clostridium and/or Ehrlichia risticii. Tx: fluids. |
| Phenylbutazone Toxicosis | causes dehydration, oral/gastric ulcers, renal failure, bloody stool, peritonitis, colonic stricutre, or colon rupture from excessive doses of PBZ. General term for "belly ache." |
| Colic | abdominal pain, obstruction of ingesta & gas in GI. CS vary. Dx: CS's, abdominocentesis, HR, MM, CRT, borborygmus, rectal palpation. Tx: Banamine, mineral oil, fluids, NSAIDs, withhold food, sx. |
| Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) | caused by Neorickettsia risticii, ingestion of may fly. CS: fever, diarrhea, fluid loss, swelling limbs, laminitis. Dx: isolate bacteria, CS, presence of bacteria geographically. Tx: fluid, supportive care, NSAIDs, abx, prevent with vaccinations |
| Salmonella | zoonotic disease that, several species of this effect horses, are subclinical carriers. CS: depression, fever, diarrhea. Dx: CS, isolate bacteria, low WBC. Tx: supportive, quarantine. |
| Cervical Vertebral Myelopathy (Wobbler's) | orthopedic dz caused by compression of cervical spine, males affected 4x more, thoroughbreds more than any other breed. CS: symmetric incoordination starting 6 months-3 years, ascending ataxia, sx to repair (costly + low success). |
| myelopathy | dz of the spinal cord. |
| Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis | most common neuro condition, host to Sarcocystis neurona parasite, opossums primary host, 85% of horses have this. CS: ataxia, weak, muscle atrophy. Dx: CSF fluid, protazoa in necropsy lesions. Tx: antiprotozoal drugs, abx, less than 25% recover fully |
| ataxia | poor muscle control that causes clumsy voluntary movements due to brain damage, nerves, and/or muscles. |
| Equine Herpes Virus | CS: rhinopneumonitis, mild-severe signs, no bladder/tail function, penile prolapse, paralysis or death. Dx: CSF sample. Tx: corticosteroids, supportive care, prognosis for normal function is 80%. |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| Equine Degenerative Myelopathy | symmetric spinal ataxia, fore & hind limbs affected equially, appears between 6 mo-2 yrs, prognosis is poor, no good diagnostic testing, some breeds are predisposed to this dz. |
| Vertebral Fracture | CS: pain is #1 sign, weakness of limbs depends on where fracture occurs. Dx: rads or nuclear scinetigraphy, has a poor prognosis. |
| scintigraphy | a technique in which a scintillation counter or similar detector is used with a radioactive tracer to obtain an image of a bodily organ or a record of its functioning. |
| Brain Damage | cerebrum damage affects: altered mentation and states of consciousness, head pressing, seizures. brain stem damage affects: facial sensation, mastication. swallowing, balance, vision, taste, ocular position, in-coordination of limbs, breathing. |
| Rabies | a zoonotic fatal disease, 2 forms (furious and paralytic). Caused by a bite from infected animals. CS: fever, hind limb ataxia, hyperesthesia, neurological signs, 3-10 days then dead, need to vaccinate. |
| Hyperesthesia | excessive physical sensitivity, especially of the skin. |
| Equine Encephalomyelitis | Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan forms (sleeping sickness, viral encephalitis). Transmitted by mosquitos and zoonotic. CS: depression, fever, ataxia, head pressing, dementia. Mortality ranges from 30-100% |
| West Nile Virus | CS: weakness, ataxia, asymmetrical, hind leg(s) and forelimbs, muscle fasciculations, droopy lips, mortality is 34-44%. Tx: supportive care (fluids, dmso, NSAIDs, ETC), vaccs is a MUST. |
| fasciculations | a brief, spontaneous contraction affecting a small number of muscle fibers, often causing a flicker of movement under the skin. |
| Equine Leukoencephalomalacia | Moldy Corn Toxicity, ingestion of Fusarium moniliform. Kernels are usually pink or brown. CS: profound depression, head pressing, altered consciousness, incoordination, aimless wandering. Tx: supportive, prognosis is poor (24 hrs). |
| Uveitis | "Moon Blindness." CS: intraocular inflamm, blepharospasm, corneal edema, inflammatory cellular exudate in anterior chamber, can be unilateral/bilateral, no cure and gets worse over time. Can use atropine/corticosteroids or NSAIDs for flare ups. |
| Corneal Ulcers | ophthalmic dz caused by trauma. Dx: Flureoscein dye. Tx: ophthalmic abx ointment, many sx options (suturing of 3rd eyelid). |
| Tetanus (Lock Jaw) | high mortality rate dz caused by Clostridium tetani, found in soil, may lie dormant for 6 months, must vaccinate. CS; light/sound sensitive, rigid body, no control of 3rd eyelid, convulsions/death in 75-80%. |
| Tetanus (Tx & Px) | Tx: dark quiet stall, antitoxin, high doses of Penicillin, sedative, IV fluids, NG feeding, enemas, manual evacuation of rectum. Px: guarded to grave, prevent with vaccination. |
| Botulism | rare fatal dz caused by Clostridium botulinum. CS: can't swallow, muscle weakness, tremors, resp. paralysis. Dx: culture. Tx: antitoxin if early, vaccs sometimes available, supportive care. |
| Clostridial Bacteria | -C. tetani causes rigid paralysis -C. botulinum causes flaccid paralysis |
| Equine Infectious Anemia | reportable viral dz. CS: anemia, fever, wt loss, transmitted from large biting flies to horses, always carriers after infected. Dx: Coggin's Test |
| Coggin's Test | USDA accredited DVM must draw blood for this test. (+) test means that entire herd is quarantined for 60 days, all horses tested, state DVM can release quarantine, infected horses quarantined for life or euth. Pics taken with test sample. |
| Culicoides Hypersensitivity | integument disorder that causes a pruritic skin condition from fly bites. Can happen on various places of body, usually seasonal. Prevent by keeping horses away from water. |
| Sarcoids | common benign tumor, ugly/annoying, causes raised hairless lesions with a bumpy surface. Two types: verrucous (flat) & fibroblastic (bumpy & raised). Tx: cryoptherapy, laser, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemo, sx removal (less success), anti-cancer drugs |
| Melanomas | common skin tumor, mostly in gray horses. Happens in perineal area and gets bigger with time, usually benign. Tx: sx removal is best. |
| Dermatophilus congolensis | (rain rot, swamp rot, mycotic dermatitis, skin fungus), not a fungus or bacteria, is Actinomycetes. Can be large scabs or small scrapes. Dx: CS, culture. Tx: eliminate moisture, antiseptic scrub, drying agent, air, sun, slef-limiting. |
| Scratches | integument disorder that affects white colored limbs of horses. CS: scabs on limbs, swelling, red, cracking, sometimes lameness. Tx: Zinc oxide w/ chlorhex & poss steroid, wrap legs and keep away from wet grass. |
| Laminitis | swelling of laminae of hoof. CS: won't move, strong bounding digital pulse, altered gait, shifting wt onto hind limbs. Dx: hoof testers, digital pulses, rads. Tx: NSAIDs, DMSO, ice baths, therapeutic shoes, diet, identify cause and threat. |
| Sole Abscess | acute lameness in one hoof, is common. Dx: hoof testers. Tx: NSAIDs, Epsom salt baths, will rupture at point of least resistance. |
| Limb Deformities | -angular -flexural -any abnormally shaped limb -in utero (nutritional problem) -in young (bad conformation or improper nourishment) -bone, joint, tendon deformities. |
| Osteochondrosis (OCD) | disorder that can be genetic, dietary, from exercise, improper shoeing. Treat with infections, NSAIDs, and poss sx. |
| Ringbone | osteoarthritis of pastern or coffin bones. Inflammation within joints is bad enough where body lays down more bone to "fix" it. |
| Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) | bone dz usually seen with Ringbone, causes osteoarthritis, can be anywhere in the body. CS: stiffness, lameness, decreased range of motion. |
| Stringhalt | exaggerated lifting of hind limbs, cause is unclear, some will recover on their own and others have it forever. |
| Naval Ill | a foal emergency issue where the naval area becomes infected and will spread throughout the body. Can be severe or subtle. Tx: umbilical area dipped in iodine every few hours, good husbandry. |
| Metabolic Syndrome | syndrome in adult, obese, insulin resistant, animals. CS: fat deposits in crest of neck/head/above eyes/behind shoulders/sheath of males. Dx: measuring insulin & glucose levels. Tx: low sugar/starch diet, exercise, antioxidants. |
| Cushing's Disease | Excessive ACTH production > hyperadrenocorticism; tumors on pituitary. CS: muscle atrophy, hirsutism (long curly hair), depressed, poor performance, laminitis, fat deposits, recurrent infections, pendulous ab, wt loss. |
| Cushing's (Dx & Tx) | Dx: Dexamethasone suppression test, ACTH stimulation test. Tx: not curable but treatable, good quality feed, dental care, foot care, clip long hair, Pergolide, Cyproheptadine, low sugar/starch diet. |
| Rhabdomyolysis | (Monday morning syndrome, Tying up) inflammatory dz of muscle, after onset of exercise. CS: dark chocolate brown urine, increases CK & AST on blood chem. Tx: varies, exercise restriction, stall confine, NSAIDs, fluids, muscle relaxants. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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