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ANSC221PurdueSet#1
From Purdue University course taught by Dr. Forsyth, Exam #1 preparation.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dr. James Lind | Observed sailors with scurvy were healed with citrus juice (but failed to recognize that observations importance) |
| Antoine Lavoisier | French scientist during the Age of the Enlightenment, credited as being the "Father of Nutrition" |
| Dr. Stephan Babcock | Helped open the modern era of nutrition by proposing a single plant feeding experiment. |
| Daniel | The very first nutritional experiment recorded |
| Dr. William Beaumont | Early observations published on nutritional physiology by collaborating with Alexio St. Martin |
| The High latent heat of vaporization for water is important because it ----. | Helps cool an animal when it sweats (or pants) |
| The High dielectric constant for water is important because it ----. | Helps in getting nutrients to cells and waste materials away from cells |
| The High specific heat for water is important because it ----. | Keeps body temperature from increasing quickly with exercise |
| Which nutrient class provides most of the energy in most livestock diets? | Carbohydrates |
| Which nutrient class has the highest energy concentration? | Fats |
| The function for carbohydrates in the diet is to provide -------. | Energy |
| Proteins are made of ------ -------. | Amino Acids |
| Carbohydrates are mode of ------. | Sugars |
| Fats are made of ---- + -------. | Glycerol + fatty acids |
| DNA and RNA are made of ------- -----. | Nucleic Acids |
| Most energy in plants is contained in the form of -------. | Carbohydrates |
| Funk | Made the word "vitamin" from "vital+amine" |
| Hippocrates | Proposed the one nutrient theory; assumed all people are made of the same nutrient because they are the same |
| Which class of nutrients is analyzed by determining the amount of nitrogen present? | Protein |
| T/F: Plants and animals typically contain about the same levels of carbohydrates? | False, animals have a lower carb level |
| What polysaccharide is stored in small amounts in animal cells? | Glycogen |
| What is table sugar? | Sucrose |
| What is blood sugar? | Glucose |
| What is a disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose? | Maltose- w/ an alpha bond Cellubiose- w/ a beta bond |
| What is a polysaccharide consisting of straight chains of glucose? | Amylose |
| What is a polysaccharide consisting of branched chains of glucose? | Amylopectin |
| What is a carbohydrates that is indigestible by enzymes from mammals but can be partially digested by bacterial enzymes? | Cellulose |
| What is a substance that although not a carbohydrate, is found along with carbohydrate on analysis, that is completely indigestible and interferes with digestion of other components of the diet? | Lignin |
| What vitamin is formed from carotene? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin is necessary for normal blood clotting? | Vitamin K |
| What vitamin prevents xeropthalmia? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin is not needed by animals because they can synthesize it but humans cannot? | Vitamin C |
| What vitamin prevents pernicious anemia? | Vitamin B12 |
| What vitamin is 1,25 di-hydroxy-cholecalciferol? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin prevents certain birth defects of the neural tube? | Folic acid |
| What vitamin interacts with selenium and prevents membrane damage by acting as an antioxidant? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin is destroyed by thiaminase? | Thiamin |
| What vitamin can be gotten from sunlight on the skin? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin is ascorbic acid? | Vitamin C |
| What vitamin is d-alpha-tocopherol? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin activity does menadione provide? | Vitamin K |
| What vitamin prevents scurvy? | Vitamin C |
| What vitamin prevents rickets? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin activity is in retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin is added to sows diets to increase litter size? | Choline |
| What vitamin prevents skin lesions but can be negatively impacted by avidin (which is found in raw eggs)? | Biotin |
| What vitamin prevents goose stepping in pigs? | Pantothenic acid |
| What vitamin is called "vitamin B12"? | Cyanocobalamine |
| What vitamin deficiency can be caused by a cobalt deficiency? | Vitamin B12 |
| What vitamin prevents night blindness? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin is part of the flavoproteins involved in electron transfer in the cell? | Riboflavin |
| What are the 2 classes of vitamins? | Fat soluble Water soluble |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | A, D, E, K |
| What is the general function of fat soluble vitamins? | Structure of the body |
| What is the general function of water soluble vitamins? | Intermediary metabolism |
| What vitamin deficiency results in epithelial integrity problems? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin deficiencies results in reproductive problems? | Vitamin A Vitamin E |
| What vitamin deficiency results in xeropthalmia? | Vitamin A |
| What vitamin deficiency results in bone malformation? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin deficiency results in rickets? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin deficiency results in exudative diathesis? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin deficiency results in white muscle disease? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin deficiency results in stiff lamb disease? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin deficiency results in encephalomalacia? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin deficiency results in cellular membrane peroxidation problems? | Vitamin E |
| What vitamin deficiency results in pellagra? | Niacin |
| What vitamin deficiency results in black tongue? | Niacin |
| What vitamin deficiency results in perosis? | Choline |
| What vitamin deficiencies can results in anemia? | B12, B6, Folic Acid, Fe, Cu, and Co |
| What vitamin deficiencies results in mulberry heart disease? | Vitamin E Selenium |
| Which vitamin deficiency results in BERI BERI? | Thiamine |
| What would be reduced to help prevent milk fever? | Calcium |
| What vitamin is necessary to use Ca and P? | Vitamin D |
| Phyloquinone and menadione have which vitamin activity? | Vitamin K |
| What vitamin deficiency results in paralysis and curled toes from nerve degeneration? | Riboflavin (B2) |
| Biotin is involved in what? | Fat synthesis |
| Folic acid is involved in what? | Incorporation of single carbon units into molecules |
| What is the first limiting amino acid for animals? | Lysine |
| What amino acid is active in both its D and L forms? | Methionine |
| What amino acid is checked for proper metabolization in babies? | Phenylalanine |
| Crude protein is determined by N x -----. | 6.25 |
| Fat has ---- times form energy than carbs. | 2.25 |
| Dr. Linus proposed that vitamin --- could help prevent colds. | C |
| What mineral in blood is often deficient in piglets? | Iron |
| What mineral is required, especially by sheep, but is also highly toxic? | Copper |
| What mineral prevents parakeratosis? | Zinc |
| What mineral is tied up in plants by phytate and can be freed by phytase? | Phosphorus |
| What mineral is supplied routinely in common salt? | Sodium |
| What mineral prevents goiters and is a part of the hormone thyroxine? | Iodine |
| What mineral is sometimes fed to pigs for an antibiotic-like growth response? | Copper |
| What mineral is sometimes feed to young pigs to help with health and growth? | Zinc |
| What mineral is necessary for blood to clot? | Calcium |
| What mineral is the greatest concern in agricultural pollution? | Phosphorus |
| What mineral is present in methionine? | Sulfur |
| What miner deficiency can result in perosis? | Manganese |
| What mineral interacts with vitamin E? | Selenium |
| What mineral is toxic and can cause a copper deficiency? (Hint-Not copper) | Molybdenum |
| Which mineral has a regulated level allowed in feed by the FDA? | Selenium |
| What element is usually supplied with sodium or potassium? | Chloride |
| What three elements do carbs, fats, and proteins have in common? | C, H, O |
| Name three pentoses | Xylose, Arabinose, Ribose |
| Name four hexoses | Glucose, Fructose, Manose, Galactose |
| What is sucrose made of? | Glucose + Fructose |
| What is lactose made of? | Glucose + Galactose |
| What is maltose made of? | Glucose + Glucose w/ Beta-bond |
| What bonds between glucose are present in starch? | Alpha |
| What bonds between glucose are present in cellulose? | Beta |
| What type of starch is seen in amylose? | Straight chained |
| What type of starch is seen in amylopectin? | Branched chain |
| What are the three volatile fatty acids? | Oleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic |
| What are the two saturated long chain fatty acids? | Palmitic, Stearic |
| What is the mono-unsaturated long chain fatty acid? | Oleic |
| What are fats made of? | Fatty Acids + Glycerides |
| What does "polyunsaturated" mean? | A fatty acid that has multiple carbon double bonds |
| What are the three essential fatty acids? | Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic |
| What is the major symptom seen in a fatty acid deficient animal? | Growth failure |
| What are the 10 essential amino acids? | Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Ardinine, Leucine, Lysine |
| What 2 additional amino acids are needed for baby chicks? | Proline , Glycine |
| Which amino acid contains S and can be partially replaced by Cystine? | Methionine |
| What are the non-essential toxic minerals? | Pb, Hg, As, Al, Cd |
| What are the essential toxic minerals? | Se, Cu, F, I, Mo |
| How is calcium regulated in blood? | PTH monitors for low blood Ca levels Calcitonin monitors for high Ca levels |
| What percentage of water loss is fatal? | 12% |
| What are the three water sources for animals? | Drinking Water, Feed, Metabolism |
| Which nutrient class is analyzed as crude fiber and NFE? | Carbohydrates |
| Which nutrient class is soluble in ether? | Fats |
| Which nutrient class is analyzed by Kjeldahl procedure? | Protein |
| How much energy do Fats:Carbohydrates:Proteins have? | 9:4:4 |
| What form of an amino acid is usually the active form? | L |
| What are the macro minerals? | Calcium, Phosphorous, Sodium, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Magnesium |
| Which minerals are necessary for bone formation? | Calcium |
| Which minerals are necessary for blood clotting? | Calcium + Potassium |
| What vitamin has activity from menadione, phyloquinone, and menaquinone? | Vitamin K |
| What vitamin is retinol? | Vitamin A |
| Which vitamin prevents Beri Beri? | B1 (Thiamine) |
| Which vitamin can cause anemia and is found in the alcohol, amine, and aldehyde forms? | B6 (Pyridoxine) |
| What vitamin deficiency results in pernicious anemia? | B12 (Cyanocobalamine) |
| What vitamin forms part of the flavoproteins in the electron transport system? | B2 (Riboflavin) |
| What vitamin deficiency can cause pellagra in humans and black tongue in dogs? | Niacin |
| What vitamin can contribute methyl groups? | B12 (Cyanocobalamine) |
| What vitamin forms part of NAD and NADP? | Niacin |
| Laying hens need more of what mineral compared to other animals? | Calcium |
| What is the most common cause of anemia in relation to diet? | Iron deficiency |
| What mineral is important for the formation of connective tissue? | Copper |
| What mineral is very toxic to sheep? | Copper |
| What mineral is commonly added to pig diets to help assist with growth? | Copper |
| What type of animals need methionine to allow their bacteria to incorporate it? | Ruminants |
| An ------- deficiency can cause a goiter to form on animals and humans. | Iodine |
| What mineral is very lacking in Indiana soil so we cannot find it in our plant products? | Iodine |
| A -------- deficiency can cause perosis in chicks and skeletal and reproductive issues in other animals. | Manganese |
| What mineral is a constituent of enzymes? | Zinc |
| A ---------- deficiency can cause parakeratosis and other growth issues. | Zinc |
| This mineral has no deficiency side effects but has toxicity effects | Selenium |
| ----------- can become highly concentrated in grasses, the toxicity leads to degradation of tissues. | Selenium |
| Selenium requires which vitamin to be supplemented along with it? | Vitamin E |
| What is a noticeable sign of parakeratosis? | Skin problems |
| A lack of zinc can ----- the reproductive development of males. | Slow |
| What two minerals are required in very low amounts? | Chromium, Fluoride |
| Copper can be fed at 250 ppm for how long for pigs? | During the duration of growth |
| Zinc can be fed at 1000ppm for how long for pigs? | During time of weaning |
| What is another name for selenium toxicity? | Grass staggers |
| What mineral was banned as a feed additive by the FDA because it was believed to cause cancer? | Selenium |
| What is a feed additive? | Drugs or other chemicals that are added to feeds and do NOT supply nutrients |
| What is another name for Somatotropin hormone? | Growth Hormone, BST |
| How is Somatotropin used? | It is given to mature dairy cows to promote milk development |
| What is the abbreviation for diethylstilbestrol? | DES |
| Why is DES banned? | It was regularly found in carcasses so the FDA banned it to keep it out of food. |
| Can DES be used in humans? | No, it is illegal. It can cause cervical cancer in women |
| T/F: The FDA has put in regulations and guidelines for feed additives. | True, THESE SHOULD BE FOLLOWED!!! |
| Where are hormone implants usually injected on an animal? | Behind the ear since the head is removed during slaughter |
| How must BST be given to animals? | An injection (usually daily) |
| What are the 2 concerns when using antibiotics? | Residues, Microbacterial Resistance |
| Why are steers given progesterone and estradiol benzoate? | This promotes muscle growth without producing male secondary sex characteristics |
| Why are beef heifers given testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate? | Promotes muscle growth |
| T/F: Antibiotics can legally used in animals to promote growth. | False, this has been banned in order to help reduce antibiotic resistance |
| What essential minerals won't help a nonruminant animal if they are not connected to a vitamin? | Sulfur, Cobalt |
| What is the primary anion in cells? | Chloride |
| What is the primary cation in cells? | Potassium |
| What is the primary cation in cells? | Sodium |
| Is there a risk of giving piglets too much iron? | Too much iron can harm piglets by allowing microbial growth, causing scours |
| What are the 2 things that copper interacts with and all 3 can effect each other's levels? | Molybdenum and Sulfur |
| Is the iron in rust available to animals? | No |
| Ribose | A pentose sugar |
| Fructose | A hexose sugar commonly found in fruit |
| Galactose | A hexose sugar that forms lactose |
| Cellobiose | A pair of beta-glucoses sharing a beta bond |
| Hemicellulose | Non-cellulose polysaccharides found in plant cell walls |
| Amylase | An enzyme that breaks down starch and glycogen into sugars |
| Cellulase | An enzyme NOT found in animals that breaks down cellulose into glucose |
| Xylose | A pentose sugar common in plants |
| Mannose | A hexose sugar |
| NPN | |
| True Protein | Actual amount of protein in a feed/food |
| Crude Protein | Amount of protein that can be derived from nitrogen within a feed/food |
| What is milk sugar? | Lactose |
| Why is lignin present? | Helps for the structure of a cell wall and promotes mineral transport |
| What is the nutritional significance of lignin? | It cannot be digested by ruminant or nonruminant animals |
| What is the portion of proximate analysis is lignin present in? | |
| What is the group of lipids besides mono-, di-, and triglycerides? | Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Gerebrosides, Waxes |
| What vitamin causes a reduced litter size in pigs? | Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Biotin |
| What is the difference between Vitamin D2 and D3? | Vitamin D2 comes from plants Vitamin D3 comes from animals |
Created by:
Katoatoato
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