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VET 115 Week 2
Bovine Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does BRDS stand for? | Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) |
| What is Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) also known as? | Shipping Fever |
| When does Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) mostly affect beef calves? | During the first 45 days in feedlot |
| What age does Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) affect dairy calves? | Younger than 6 months |
| What is Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) caused by? | Respiratory viruses, bacteria, and stress with exposure |
| What are the symptoms of Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex)? | Depression, Standing with head lowered, Anorexia, Mucopurulent ocular and nasal d/c, Cough, Dyspnea, Sudden death, Fever 104-108° F, Pneumonia |
| What is the Morbidity/Mortality of Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex)? | High morbidity, High mortality |
| How is Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) most commonly diagnosed? | Clinical signs |
| T/F: Animals infected with Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) should be isolated. | True |
| What is the treatment for Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex)? | Focus on bacteria, address any inflammation, supportive care |
| How is Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (complex) prevented? | Passive immunity and vaccination, nutrition, good management practices, keep low stress |
| What causes Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis? | Herpes Virus |
| How is Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis transferred? | Nasal exudates and aerosol; contaminated food and water |
| What are the symptoms of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis? | Sudden onset of fever (104-108°F), Serous ocular and nasal discharge, Conjunctivitis, Increased Respiratory rate, Coughing, Dyspnea, Severe hyperemia of muzzle, Abortion, Increased salivation, Decreased milk production |
| What is Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis also known as? | Red Nose |
| What is the morbidity of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis? | 1-30% |
| What is the mortality of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis? | 3-10% |
| How is Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis diagnosed? | Nasal swab or isolation of the virus, Clinical symptoms, Post mortem, Isolation of organism |
| What is commonly the organism for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis? | Pasteurella |
| How is IBR treated? | Broad spectrum antibiotics |
| What is the cause of Para influenza 3? | PI-3 virus |
| How is Para influenza 3 transferred? | Aerosol; direct contact |
| What are the clinical signs of Para influenza 3? | Fever (104-107°F), Serous-mucopurulent nasal discharge, lacrimation, coughing, increased respiratory rate, weakness, depression, weight loss |
| How is Para influenza 3 diagnosed? | CS |
| What is the treatment for Para influenza 3? | Antibiotics |
| What are the CS of Bovine respiratory syncytial virus? | Nasal d/c, fever, pulmonary edema, emphysema, subcutaneous emphysema, intermandibular edema |
| When may death occur with bovine respiratory syncytial virus? | within 48 hours of onset of infection |
| What can Haemophilus somnus progress into? | Fibrinous pleuritis, pericarditis, polyarthritis, thromboembolic meningoencephalitis |
| T/F: Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella Multocida are normal inhabitants of the respiratory tract | True |
| What type of bacterial infections involve Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella Multocida? | Secondary bacterial infection |
| What are the clinical signs of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella Multocida? | Fever, Coughing, Dyspnea, Mucopurulent nasal discharge, Depression, Anorexia, Death |
| What is Bovine Viral Diarrhea caused by? | Virus |
| How is Bovine Viral Diarrhea transfered? | Contaminated food/water, Direct contact with oral and nasal discharge, Aerosol |
| What are the symptoms of Bovine Viral Diarrhea? | Fever 105-108°F, mild transient diarrhea, profuse and malodorous diarrhea with mucous and blood, coughing, abortion |
| What is the morbidity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea? | 90-100% |
| What is the mortality of Bovine Viral Diarrhea? | 0-30% |
| What are clinical signs of chronic Bovine Viral Diarrhea? | Mucosal disease, Lesions in the alimentary tract, Oral lesion, Highly fatal |
| How is Bovine Viral Diarrhea diagnosed? | CS, Post Mortem lesions, Paired serum samples |
| How is Bovine Viral Diarrhea treated? | Supportive care, Antibiotics |
| When are animals vaccinated for Bovine Viral Diarrhea? | 3-5 months of age |
| T/F: Animals can be safely vaccinated for BVD while pregnant. | False; Vaccination of pregnant animals will cause abortion and/or cerebella hypoplasia |
| What are Clostridial Organisms caused by? | Bacteria that live as spores in the soil |
| How can Clostridial Organisms infect cattle? | Grazing, Through any wounds |
| What does Clostridium chauvoei cause? | Blackleg |
| What does clostridium septicum cause? | Malignant edema |
| What do Clostridium chauvoei, septicum primarily affect? | Striated muscles |
| When does death happen within onset of infection of Clostridium chauvoei, septicum? | within 12 hours |
| What does Clostridium novyi cause? | Black disease |
| What does C. haemolyticum cayse? | Bacillary Hemoglobinuria |
| When can death occur with Clostridium novyi, haemolyticum? | as early as 24 hours after onset |
| What does Clostridium perfringes affect? | GI tract |
| What are the 4 types of Clostridial Organisms? | Black leg, Malignant Edema, Black's disease/Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis, Enterotoxemia |
| What are the symptoms of Blackleg? | Acute lameness, Swelling of the upper part of the limbs, gas formation, fever transitioning to normal/subnormal temperature, depression, Edematous and crepitant swelling rapid death |
| How is Blackleg diagnosed? | CS |
| How is Blackleg treated? | Antibiotics, |
| What are the diseases most commonly vaccinated for? | Clostridial organisms |
| When should animals be vaccinated for Blackleg? | 3 months and again at 4 months |
| How are Malignant Edemas transferred? | Contamination of deep wounds |
| What are the CS of Malignant edema? | Anorexia, High fever, Pitting edema, Rapid death |
| How is Malignant edema diagnosed? | CS or Post mortem |
| How is Malignant edema treated? | Antibiotics and vaccinate |
| What does Black's Disease mainly affect? | Sheep |
| T/F: Black's Disease is asymptomatic with sudden death | True |
| How is Black's disease diagnosed? | Post Mortem |
| How is Black's disease Treated? | Antibiotics and vaccinate |
| How is Enterotoxemia transferred? | Spores in soil/ingestion |
| What are the symptoms of Enterotoxemia? | Fetid diarrhea, rapid death |
| How is Enterotoxemia diagnosed? | Demonstration of toxins in the intestinal tract, not just the organism |
| How is Enterotoxemia treated? | Antibiotics and Antitoxins |
| What is Brucellosis also known as? | Bang's disease |
| T/F: Brucellosis is zoonotic | True |
| What causes Brucellosis? | Brucella abortus |
| How is Brucellosis transferred? | Organism shed in milk and uterine discharges, ingestation of feeds contaminated with vaginal secretions, aborted fetuses, semen of infected bulls, direct contact on the skin or conjunctiva |
| What are the symptoms of Brucellosis in bovines? | Abortion/abortion storms, Orchitis and sterility, arthritis, infertility, decreased milk production |
| What are the symptoms of Brucellosis in humans? | Undulant fever |
| How is Brucellosis diagnosed? | Market cattle testing, Milk ring test, Plate test, Card test |
| What is the treatment for Brucellosis? | Cull and slaughter |
| T/F: Only females are vaccinated for Brucellosis | True |
| T/F: All females vaccinated for Bang's must be tagged and tatooed | True |
| What age of females can be vaccinated for Bang's? | 120-140 days (4-8 months) of age |
| T/F: Anthrax is zoonotic | True |
| What is anthrax also known as? | Splenic fever |
| What type of soil in anthrax found in? | Soil with neutral to alkaline pH |
| How long can anthrax spores remain ineffective in soil for? | 50 years |
| What is the incubation period for anthrax? | 3-7 days |
| What are the CS of anthrax? | Septicemia, Severe pyrexia, Sudden death, Ataxia, Dyspnea, Trembling, Bleeding from the orifices, Petechia and hemorrhaging on the ventral abdomen |
| What are the CS for anthrax post mortem? | Absence of rigor mortis and bloating |
| T/F: A necropsy can be performed if anthrax is suspected | False; A necropsy should NOT be performed due to spores |
| How is anthrax diagnosed? | Blood swab from oozing |
| How is anthrax treated? | Penicillin and Oxytetracycline, Quarantine, Vaccination |
| T/F: A farm with a case of anthrax must be closed for biosecurity measures | True |
| What happens to the deceased animal and any material that came in contact with the animal? | Burned and buried |
| What is Bovine Spongiformencephalopathy also known as? | Mad Cow Disease |
| How is Mad Cow Disease transferred? | Food born exposure to the agent |
| What are the early symptoms of Mad Cow Disease? | Nose licking, Sneezing, Snorting, Head tossing, Exaggerated response to stimuli |
| What are the progressed symptoms of Mad Cow Disease? | Hypokinesis, Ataxia, Paresis |
| How is Mad Cow Disease diagnosed? | Histopathology of the brain tissue |
| T/F: Leptospirosis is not zoonotic | False; Leptospirosis is zoonotic |
| How is Leptospirosis transferred? | Shed in urine, Ingestion of food and water contaminated with urine, via AI, |
| Which animals are carriers of Leptospirosis? | Cattle, pigs, rats, mice, dogs |
| What are the CS of Leptospirosis? | Abortion/Abortion storms, Hemoglobinuria, icterus, fever, decrease in milk production, failure to conceive |
| How is Leptospirosis diagnosed? | Serum agglutination, Dark field microscopy |
| How is Leptospirosis treated? | Antibiotics and herd management |
| When should animals be vaccinated for leptospirosis? | 3-6 months of age (2 vaccines) and then annually |
| T/F: Tuberculosis is zoonotic | True |
| What is Tuberculosis caused by? | Mycobacterium bovis |
| How is Tuberculosis transferred? | Ingestion of secretions from the respiratory from the respiratory and genital tracts or milk, Inhalation, Copulation, A.I. |
| What are the CS of Tuberculosis? | Chronic, intermittent, moist cough, Enlarged lymph nodes, Decreased milk production, Progressive emaciation, Lethargy, Fluctuating low grade fever |
| How is Tuberculosis diagnosed Post-mortem? | Granulomas that contain creamy to caseous pus |
| How is Tuberculosis diagnosed? | Intradermal tuberculin test |
| How is Tuberculosis treated? | Test and slaughter |
| T/F: There is no vaccination for Tuberculosis | True |
| What is Vibriosis also known as? | Campylobacteriosis |
| What is Vibriosis caused by? | Campylobacter fetus |
| How is Vibriosis transferred? | Copulation, A.I., Contaminated obstetrical instruments |
| What are the symptoms of Vibriosis? | Early embryonic death, Vaginitis, Infertility |
| How is Vibriosis diagnosed? | Isolation and culture of the organism |
| How is Vibriosis in cows treated? | Sexual rest and A.I. |
| How is Vibriosis in bulls treated? | Eliminate (harbor the organism in the prepuce) |
| What causes Foot Rot? | Fusuformis necrophorus and Dichelobacter nodosus |
| How is Foot Rot transferred? | Direct contact |
| What are the symptoms of Foot Rot? | Lameness, Foul odor, Inflammation and swelling of the foot, Abscesses of the foot, Weight loss, Decreased milk production |
| How is Foot Rot diagnosed? | CS |
| How is Foot Rot treated? | Trim away dead tissue; antibiotics, keep feet clean and dry; foot baths of 10% copper sulfate; 10% zinc sulfate |
| What percent of foot diseases are foot rot? | 50-60% |
| What causes Salmonellosis? | Salmonella typhimurium and other sp. |
| How is Salmonellosis transferred? | Fecal contamination of food and water, Carriers who appear clinically normal, adult animals that recover are still carriers for a while |
| T/F: Salmonellosis is zoonotic | True |
| What are the CS for Salmonellosis? | Septicemia, Acute enteritis, Chronic enteritis, Abortion |
| How is Salmonellosis diagnosed? | Fecal and/or blood cultures |
| How is Salmonellosis treated? | Antibiotics and supportive care |
| T/F: Colibacillosis is zoonotic | True |
| What causes Colibacillosis? | Escherichia coli |
| What is the most common disease of newborn farm animals? | Colibacillosis |
| How is Colibacillosis transferred? | Ingestion, Inhalation, Intrauterine, Naval |
| What are the symptoms of Colibacillosis? | Enteric toxemia colibacillosis, Septicemic colibacillosis, Enteric colibacillosis |
| How is Colibacillosis diagnosed? | Euthanasia and culture of anterior gut |
| How is Colibacillosis treated? | Antibiotics and supportive care |
| What is Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis also known as? | Pink Eye |
| What causes Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis? | Moraxella bovis, predisposed with irritants such as ultraviolet light, weeds, and dust |
| How is Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis transferred? | Conjunctiva is the portal of entry; flies are the mechanical vectors |
| What are the symptoms of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis? | Conjunctivitis/chemosis, Corneal edema, Epiphora, Blepharospasm, Photophobia, Corneal ulcers, Loss of weight or deceased weight gain |
| How is Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis diagnosed? | CS, Culture |
| How is Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis treated? | Antibiotics, Suture the eye closed, eye patches |
| T/F: If Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis is not treated early enough blindness can occur | True |
| What causes Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis? | Corynebacterium renale |
| What are the CS of Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis? | Hematuria, pyuria, straining, discomfort, frequent urination, fever, up and down appetite, decreased milk production, painful left kidney upon rectal palpitation |
| How is Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis diagnosed? | CS, Hx of pregnancy |
| What is Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis also known as in females? | Urinary tract infection |
| How is Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis treated? | Culture and sensitivity |
| What is Anaplasmosis caused by? | Rickettsia: Anaplasma marginale |
| How is Anaplasmosis transferred? | Blood |
| How is Anaplasmosis diagnosed? | Blood smear |
| How is Anaplasmosis treated? | Tetracycline, Blood transfusion |
| What causes Trichomoniasis? | Flagellate Trichomonas foetus, Venereal disease |
| How is Trichomoniasis transferred? | Sexual contact, frozen semen, A.I. |
| What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis? | Infertility, early embryonic death, pyometras, balanoposthitis, Vaginitis |
| How is Trichomoniasis diagnosed? | CS, Identify organism |
| How is Trichomoniasis treated in cows? | Sexual rest for 3-4 months |
| How is Trichomoniasis treated in bulls? | Imidazole compounds (Prohibited in food animals in the U.S.) |
| What causes Aflatoxin poisoning? | Aspergillus flavus |
| What are the symptoms of Aflatoxin poisoning? | Blindness, Falling down, Diarrhea, Abortions, Convulsions, Death |
| How is Aflatoxin poisoning diagnosed? | Testing of feeds |
| How is Aflatoxin poisoning treated? | Supportive care, eliminate infected diet |
| What causes Bovine Leukosis? | Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) |
| How is Bovine Leukosis transferred? | Horizontal: Needles, blood transfusions, vaccination using the same needle/syringe; direct contact Vertical: Placenta/Milk |
| How is Bovine Leukosis diagnosed? | Leukassay B, an antibody kit using immunodiffusion to detect antibodies to the BLV virus |
| What is the most common neoplastic disease in cattle? | Lymphosarcoma |
| Which age of cattle do lymphosarcoma affect? | 2-6 years |
| What are the CS Lymphosarcoma? | Malignant tumors |
| How are lymphosarcoma's transferred? | Blood to blood, spread through infected lymphocytes |
| How are lymphosarcoma's diagnosed? | BLV titer |
| T/F: Lymphosarcoma's are fatal and have no treatment or vaccine | True |
| What causes Wooden Tongue? | Actinobacillus lignieresii |
| T/F: Actinobacillus lignieresii is a normal inhabitant of bovine oral cavity | True |
| How is Wooden Tongue transferred? | Wounds in oral area |
| What are the CS of Wooden Tongue? | Tongue hardens with nodular swelling, excessive swelling, anorexia, weight loss |
| How is Wooden Tongue diagnosed? | CS, Exam of tongue, Biopsy |
| How is Wooden Tongue treated? | Sodium iodide (IV) and Antibiotics |
| What causes Lumpy Jaw? | Actinomyces bovis |
| How is Lumpy Jaw transferred? | Wound/infection in mouth resulting in osteomyelitis of the mandible/maxilla |
| What are the CS of Lumpy Jaw? | Pain, inability to chew, anorexia and weight loss, boney mass that is hard and immovable |
| How is Lumpy Jaw diagnosed? | Examination |
| How is Lumpy Jaw treated? | Same as Wooden Tongue |
| What is freemartin? | A intersexual cow. |
| How is a freemartin diagnosed? | Confirming lack of cervix |
| What is mastitis? | Inflammation of the mammary tissue? |
| What are the 3 types of mastitis? | Sub clinical, Clinical, Chronic |
| Which type of mastitis accounts for more than 90% of all cases? | Sub clinical |
| What are the symptoms for mastitis from staph or strep? | Large white or yellow clots in the milk, swelling and firmness of gland, heat, pain, off feed |
| What are the symptoms for mastitis from E. coli and Pseudomonas? | Brown watery milk with small flakes, acute and life threatening - chronic |
| What are the symptoms for mastitis from Mycoplasma? | Sudden onset and severe, Painless swelling involving the mammary gland lymph nodes (rare) |
| What are the symptoms for mastitis from fungus? | Acute and local |
| How is mastitis diagnosed? | Bacteriologic culture of milk taken aseptically, C.M.T (California Mastitis test), Somatic cell count (SCC) or DMSCC (Direct Microscope) |
| T/F: Johne's disease is reportable | True |
| What bacteria causes Johne's disease? | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis |
| How is Johne's disease transferred? | In utero, transmammary, infected animals to calves |
| What does Johne's disease cause? | Severe granulomatous reaction with thickening of intestinal wall, protein malabsorption |
| What are the CS of Johne's disease? | Diarrhea, Normal appetites, Weight loss, Decreased milk production, Bottle Jaw |
| How is Johne's disease diagnosed? | Serologic test, Fecal culture, CS, Hx, Lack of response to treatment |
| T/F: Johne's disease is terminal and has no treatment | True |
| What are the CS of Foot and Mouth disease? | Oral and foot lesions |
| How is Foot and Mouth disease transferred? | Direct and indirect contact |
| T/F: Dermatophytosis is zoonotic | True |
| What is Dermatophytosis caused by? | Dermatophytes |
| What are the CS of Dermatophytosis? | Circular lesions (alopecia) dry, and usually around head and neck |
| How is Dermatophytosis treated? | Exposure to sunlight, Topical/systemic anti-fungals |
| What is Choke? | Obstruction of the esophagus by a foreign object |
| What are the CS of Choke? | Excessive salivation, Bloat, Persistent chewing and swallowing, Protrusion of the tongue and extension of head and coughing, grunting and coughing, dyspnea |
| How is Choke diagnosed? | CS, Passing a stomach tube |
| How is Choke treated? | Relief of the bloat, removal of the object, surgery |
| What are the causes of Bloat? | Physiologic, Mechanical obstruction, Nutritional |
| What are the CS of Bloat? | Distention of the rumen of the left side at paralumbar fossa, respiratory distress, loss of appetite |
| Bloat can occur in as little as how many minutes? | 30 minutes |
| How is Bloat treated? | Relieve the intrarumenal pressure, administer defoaming agents |
| What are the CS of Grain Overload? | Anorexia, Decreasing rumen activity leading to atony, Depression, Soft to liquid malodorous stools, metabolic acidosis or death |
| How is Grain Overload treated? | Empty rumen, Fluid therapy |
| What is Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis also called? | Hardware disease |
| T/F: Traumatic Reticuloperitonitisis only seen in ruminants | True |
| What are the symptoms of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis? | Anorexia, Stilted gait, depression, reluctance to move, arched back, sudden drop in milk production, death |
| How is Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis diagnosed? | Hx, clinical symptoms, Xiphoid reflex, Wither reflex, use of a metal detector |
| How is Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis treated? | Antibiotics, Rumenotomy |
| What is the most common displacement of the abomasum? | Left Displaced Abomasum |
| What are the symptoms for Left Displaced Abomasum? | Sudden decrease in food consumption, decrease in rumen sounds, decrease in milk production, Ketosis, Swelling in the paralumbar fossa, Ping heard upon auscultation/percussion |
| How is LDA diagnosed? | Auscultation |
| How is LDA treated? | Rolling, Surgery |
| How is RDA treated? | Surgery (Emergency due to torsion) |
| What is Agroceriosis? | Starvation |
| How is starvation treated? | Glucose, Electrolytes, Rumen booster, Shelter, Heat, TLC, Antibiotics, Therapeutic abortion |
| What are the early clinical signs of Hypocalcemia/Milk fever? | Generalized muscle tremors, Ear twitching, Head bobbing, Excitable and Hypersensitive, Ataxia, Vocalization |
| What are the advanced signs of Hypocalcemia/Milk fever? | Anorexia, Subnormal temperature, Down cow, with head turned to one side, Atonic anal sphincter, Lack of borborygmus, Tachycardia, Death, if untreated |
| What causes Milk Fever? | Low blood calcium |
| How is Milk Fever Diagnosed? | Hx, CS, Blood chemistry tests |
| How is Milk Fever treated? | IV calcium gluconate, Oral or IV glucose |
| What is Calving paralysis also called? | Downer cow |
| How is Calving paralysis treated? | Nursing care |
| What is Ketosis (Acetonemia)? | Metabolic condition caused by hypocalemia |
| How is Ketosis (Acetonemia) diagnosed? | CS, Hx, Ketonuria, Ketonemia, low blood glucose, Sweet (acetone) breath |
| How is Ketosis (Acetonemia) treated? | IV glucose, Increase carbohydrates in feed, Steroid injection, Oral administration of propylene glycol |
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