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VET 140 Week 1
Microbiology Structure & Function
| Question | |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of microbiology? | To isolate individual organisms that are causing disease by various methods. |
| What does microbiology contain the study of? | Protozoa, Fungi, Viruses, Bacteria |
| What are examples of eukaryotes? | Animals, Fungi, Molds, Plants |
| What are Prokaryotes? | Bacteria |
| What sizes are prokaryotes? | ~0.5 µm to 4 µm |
| What size are RBCs? | 7 µm |
| What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic anatomy? | Prokaryotes have no nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes but do have cell walls, appendages, and capsules. |
| What is cytoplasm? | Aqueous fluid filling cell membrane which contains nutrients, enzymes and more. |
| What is cytoplasm involved in? | Synthesis, cell maintenance and metabolism |
| What is a chromosome? | Singular circular with no membrane or nucleolus that is double stranded with haploid DNA |
| T/F: Chromosomes vary in size | True |
| What are ribosomes? | Intracellular structures involved in all protein synthesis |
| What are Storage granules/Inclusion bodies? | Energy stores |
| What are plasmids? | Small circular pieces of DNA with only a few genes |
| What DNA coding do plasmids have and why? | Non-genomic DNA coding and this is for antibiotic resistance (exotoxin) |
| T/F: Plasmids use autonomous replication | True |
| What are capsules described as? | Slimy or Jelly-like |
| What are capsules associated with? | Virulence (pathogen) |
| T/F: All bacteria has a capsule | False; Not all bacteria have a capsule |
| What are capsules produced by and why? | Produced by pathogenic bacteria to interfere with phagocytosis |
| T/F: Some capsules may prolong survival time in the environment such as Anthrax | True |
| T/F: All bacteria have a cell wall | False; Most bacteria have a cell wall, not all |
| T/F: Cell wall structure varies with virulence and create the characteristic gram stain properties | True |
| What do cell walls protect from? | Mechanical and osmatic damage |
| Which bacteria does not have cell walls? | Mycoplasma spp. |
| What color is Gram Positive when stained? | Purple |
| What color is Gram Negative when stained? | Red |
| What causes Gram Negative to turn red? | Safranin |
| What causes Gram Positive to turn purple? | Crystal violet |
| What is the mordent portion of the stain? | Iodine |
| What is the cell membrane? | A flexible Phospholipid/protein structure |
| What is the cell membrane the site of? | Active transport of nutrients and waste products |
| What is flagella? | Filament shape attached to the cell wall that enables motility |
| What is Pili/Fimbriae? | Fine, hair-like structures that are attached to the cell wall |
| What are Pili for? | Adhesion on receptor cells or conjugation/replication |
| What type of bacteria are Pili found on? | Gram Negative |
| T/F: Endospores can lay dormant in soil for years and are highly resistant to heating and dessication | True |
| What are endospores produced by? | Clostridium and Bacillus spp. |
| What is bacteria identified by? | Macroscopic colony morphology, Staining properties, Microscopic morphology, Microscopic arrangement |
| What does Macroscopic colony morphology contain? | Color, Form, Elevation, Margin |
| What does Microscopic morphology contain? | Cocci, bacilli, vibrio or spirochete |
| What does microscopic arrangement contain? | Pairs, chains, clusters, branching |
| What are the taxonomy ranks in order? | Kingdom. Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What are the 5 Kingdoms? | Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| What is Phylum? | Grouping together of all organisms that have the same body plan |
| What is Class? | Classes of organisms into groups based on similarities (Ex. Mammalia) |
| What is bacteria called if it does not have a district shape? | Pleomorphic |
| T/F: Bacteria can be a combination of two shapes. | True |
| What is the size and shape of cocci/coccus? | Round, small: diameter of 1 µm |
| What gram stain is Cocci typically? | Gram Positive |
| What Microscopic arrangement does Cocci follow? | Pairs, Chains, Clusters |
| What is the size and shape of bacilli/bacillus? | Rod shaped: ~ 5 µm |
| What Microscopic arrangement is Bacilli? | Single, random |
| What gram stain is bacilli? | Gram stain positive & negative, Diff Quick and others |
| What shape and size is Spirochete? | Thin helical corkscrew: ~10 um |
| What type of stain does Spirochete show? | Dark field or special stains |
| What is the shape of Vibrio? | Comma shaped bacillus |
| What is vibrio classified as a variation of? | Spirochete |
| What are the culturing requirements? | TIME, MOISTURE, pH, TEMPERATURE, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, ATMOSPHERE (OXYGEN), NUTRIENTS |
| What is generation time? | time required for bacterial cell to produce 2 daughter cells |
| What are the four phases of colony growth during binary fission in order? | Lag phase, Exponential Log Phase, Stationary Phase, Death phase |
| What is the Lag Phase? | Cells growing in volume or mass |
| What is the Exponential log phase? | Pattern of balanced growth with all cells dividing regularly by binary fission |
| What is the Stationary phase? | Stabilization of bacterial numbers |
| What is the Death phase? | Decline in viable cell population at a rate similar to log phase, Exhaustion of nutrients, Build-up of toxic waste, Spore formation |
| Define Acidophile | organism whose optimal pH is relatively to highly acidic |
| Define Neutrophile | organism whose optimal pH is near 7 Most pathogenic organisms are neutrophiles |
| Define Alkaphiles | organism whose optimal pH is relatively to highly alkaline |
| Define Psychrophile | cold-adapted |
| Define Mesophile | 20-40 C |
| T/F: Most human and animal pathogens prefer ~ 37 C | True |
| Define Thermoduric | can endure short periods of high temperatures |
| Define Thermophile | Adapted to high temperatures |
| Define Lypholization | Freeze drying |
| Define Plasmolysis | Draw water out of cells causing shrinking of cellular cytoplasm |
| Define Hypobiotic state. | organism goes into hibernation state, dehydrating themselves, and can remain unchanged and uncontaminated for >30 years |
| Define Halophiles | organisms that require high concentrations of dissolved salts to grow |
| Define Obligate/ Strict Aerobe | Tolerate or need for atmospheric oxygen |
| Define Obligate/Strict Anaerobe | O2 can be poison, cultured in sealed jars |
| Define Capnophiles | require high concentrations of CO2 |
| Define Microaerophile | grow best in presence of small amount of 02 |
| Define Facultative Anaerobe | can live with or without 02, Grow better and faster when O2 present |
| What temperature range are incubators set to? | Mesophilic range (35-40 C) |
| T/F: Nutrients are required for growth, repair, and replication | True |
| Define Nosocomial infections | patient’s acquire from hospital environment |
| Define Exoenzymes | used by microorganisms (also use transport proteins) to bring substances into cytoplasm to break down or use to build more complex substances |
| Define Bacteremia | transient presence of bacteria in bloodstream |
| Define Septicemia | established presence in bloodstream, multiplying and persistence that produce systemic disease |
| T/F: Commensal bacteria live in symbiotic relationship with host | True |
| Define Exogenous infection | A source of infection from other animals, insects, environment |
| Define Endogenous infection | A source of infection as a result of breakdown of normal defense mechanisms of host through concurrent disease, malnutrition, heavy parasite burden. |
| Define Non-pathogens | Do not produce disease |
| Define pathogens | An organism that is not normally harmful but can be pathogenic under certain circumstances. |
| Define Infective Dose | Number needed to cause disease |
| Define Tissue afinity | strength of the binding interaction between antigen and antibody (Rabies and nervous tissue) |
| Define portal of entry | the manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host |
| Define virulence | an ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease |
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Acraft02
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