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VET115 Lg. Animal Dz
Immunity and Vaccines
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nonspecific Immunity | directed against all pathogens, initial defense against invading agents. |
| Specific Immunity | follows nonspecific immunity IF needed, targeted for a specific antigen, has memory, arises from B- & T-lymphocytes. |
| Cell-mediated Immunity | T-lymphocytes directly attack antigen (intracellular bacterial & viral infections, fungal diseases, protozoal diseases) |
| Antibody-mediated Immunity (Humoral) | B-lymphocytes produce antibodies that react to the antigen, extracellular phases of systemic viral & bacterial infections, protection against endotoxin & exotoxin-induced disease. |
| Active Immunity | when the immune system develops antibodies to antigens. Can be exposed through the environment or a vaccine. |
| Passive Immunity | this immunity can happen through in utero, in newborns through colostrum, and/or from IV infusion of antibody-rich plasma. This lasts for a short times, vaccs stimulate an active immune response. |
| Ways to Acquire Specific Immunity | -active immunity (antigen activates B + T- lymphocytes, creates memory) -passive immunity (shorter time of protection/no memory) -natural immunity (normal biological responses) -artificial immunity (medical procedures) |
| Review slide 8? | |
| Vaccines | an altered suspension of microorganisms used to prevent, improve, or treat an infectious disease. Two major categories: noninfectious and infectious |
| Goal of all vaccines | to stimulate an active immune response -animal develops immunity against disease -vaccine must NOT cause host to develop disease itself, contents of vaccs must be altered. |
| Noninfectious Vaccines | vaccs that contain whole pathogens that are killed, made into sub-units, contents unable to infect animal, contains adjuvants |
| Adjuvants | substances that help stimulate a stronger immune response to antigens, may work by prolonging release of antigen into body over an extended time. |
| Infectious Vaccines | vaccs that contain altered pathogens, unable to cause dz, still able to infect cells within host to stimulate immunity, stimulates similar to what would happen if animal was naturally exposed. Longer duration and effectiveness. |
| Inactivated (killed) Vaccines | vaccine made from microbes/microbe parts/microbe by-products chemically treated or heated to kill the microbe, contains adjuvants. Advantages: safe, unlikely to cause dz. Disadvantages: dose needs repeated, possible reactions. |
| Attenuated (modified-live) Vaccines | vaccine made from attenuated microorganisms which decreases virulence. Advantages: longer immunity, quicker cell-mediated immunity stimulation. Disadvantages: possible abortion, can produce mild dz, can shed in environment, proper handling is critical. |
| Live Vaccines | vaccine made from live microorganisms that may be fully virulent. Advantages: fewer doses needed, long lasting, inexpensive, no adjuvents. Disadvantages: virulence requires careful handling. |
| Virulence | the severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison. |
| Recombinant Vaccine | vaccine that uses DNA from the causative agent and is inserted into another microorganism. Advantages: fewer side effects, effective, varied routes of administration. Disadvantages: costly. |
| Toxoid Vaccine | vaccine that is deactivated by heat/chemicals and is still able to stimulate antibody production for specific toxins. Advantages: provide protection against toxin. Disadvantages: shorter duration of effectiveness, may contain adjuvants. |
| Antitoxin Vaccines | vaccine that uses antibodies obtained from an animal that has been hypersensitized to neutralize toxins. Advantage: quick protection against a toxin. Disadvantages: short-lived protection, may contain preservative that cause reactions. |
| Antiserum | vaccine that is antibody-rich serum from a hypersensitized or infected animal. Advantage: provides quick protection against a microorganism. Disadvantage: shorter duration of effectiveness, may contain adjuvants. |
| Autogenous Vaccine | vaccine produced for a specific dz in a specific area from a sick animal. Advantage: provides protection against specific organism in a specific area. Disadvantage: may contain endotoxin and other by-products found in the culture. |
| Monovalent Vaccines | vaccines with only a single antigen present. (Using several monovalent vaccines may expose the animal to higher levels of adjuvants, Must give more injections) |
| Polyvalent Vaccines | vaccines w/ multiple agents present. (Convenient , adverse reaction increases as the number of antigens increases, must be proven that each agent induces the same immunity as a monovalent vaccine) |
| Vaccine Reaction Signs | -local muscle soreness/swelling, lack of energy/alertness, fever, local abscesses, loss of appetite, salivation, fatigue, lethargy, difficulty breathing, anaphylaxis. |
| Vaccine Issues | -proper care/handling -proper route of admin. -proper use (do not mix vaccine products) -proper dose |
| Patient Issues w/ Vaccines | -animal age -freedom from disease -concurrent use of medication -pregnancy -environment |
| Routes of Admin. | -intra nasal -IM (only lateral cervical in meat animals) -SQ Timing factors include: pregnancy, slaughter, neonate, breeding, etc. |
| Onset of Immunity | How long it takes for animal to develop immunity Varies between infectious & noninfectious vaccines Takes longer for immunity to develop from noninfectious vaccination than from an infectious vaccination |
| Duration of Immunity | Length of time an animal retains adequate level of immunity to protect itself Infectious vaccines provide longer duration of immunity than noninfectious vaccines |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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