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VET Week 8
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the main function of the cardiovascular system? | Maintaining homeostasis |
| How does the cardiovascular system maintain homeostasis? | Regulates blood flow through miles of vessels and capillaries |
| What do capillaries transport to the body? | Nutrients |
| What do capillaries transport from the cells? | Waste |
| What type of system is the cardiovascular system? | Closed system |
| What are the parts of the cardiovascular system? | Aorta, Vena Cava, Pulmonary arteries, Pulmonary veins, Atriums, Valves, Ventricles, Capillaries, |
| What are the two causes of heart failure? | Myocardial dysfunction, Circulatory failure |
| Which type of heart failure is due to Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, and taurine deficiency in cats? | Myocardial dysfunction |
| Which type of heart failure is due is Hypovolemia, Anemia, Valvular dysfunction, Congenital shunts and defects? | Circulatory failure |
| What allows fluid congestion and edema to accumulate in the body? | Congestive heart failure |
| What does Cardio mean? | Heart |
| What does Myo mean? | Muscle |
| What does Pathy mean? | Disease` |
| What is one of the most common acquired cardiovascular diseases of dogs? | Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
| What type of dogs does Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy affect? | Older, Male, large and giant breed dogs |
| Which chambers are dilated with DCM? | All chambers |
| What is the cardiac output and cardiac afterload like when a dog has DCM? | Decreased cardiac output, Increased cardiac afterload |
| T/F: The cause of DCM is unknown | Tue |
| What does DCM often follow? | Myocardial insult |
| What are the general clinical signs of DCM? | Weakness, exercise intolerance, syncope, or shock |
| What are the clinical signs for right sided heart failure with DCM? | Ascites, weight loss, abdominal distension |
| What are the clinical signs for left sided heart failure with DCM? | Coughing, syncope |
| What is the treatment for DCM? | Diuretics, Positive inotropes, Blood pressure medications |
| What is the prognosis for DCM? | 6 mo - 2 yrs |
| What type of cats are affected by Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy? | Older, mixed breed cats |
| What needs to be added to treatment for Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy? | Taurine |
| What is the most common cardiomyopathy in cats? | Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
| What are the clinical signs of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? | Soft, systolic murmur, galop rhythm or other arrythmia Acute onset of heart failure, Acute onset of thromboembolism |
| How is HCM diagnosed? | Radiographs, ultrasound |
| How is HCM treated? | Low-dose heparin or low-dose aspirin, diuretics, Blood pressure meds |
| What is the median survival time for HCM? | 732 days |
| Which part of the heart is bigger with DCM? | Bigger lumen of the chambers |
| Which part of the heart is bigger with HCM? | Bigger ventricular wall thickness |
| Which percent of emboli lodge in the distal trifurcation of the aorta causing a saddle thrombus with a thromboembolism? | 90% |
| What are the clinical signs of Thromboembolism? | Acute onset of rear leg pain, paresis, Cold and bluish foot pads, Lack of palpable pulse in rear limbs |
| How is Thromboembolism diagnosed? | CS |
| How is Thromboembolism treated? | Aspirin (to dissolve the clot) |
| What is Thromboembolism a sequel to? | Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
| What are clinical signs of congenital heart diseases? | Failure to grow, weakness, syncope, cyanosis, dyspnea, seizures, Heart murmur, (May be asymptomatic) |
| What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus? | Ductus arteriosus not closed |
| What is the CS of Patent Ductus Arteriosus? | Machinery murmur |
| How is Patent Ductus Arteriosus treated? | Surgical correction |
| What are Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects? | Defects in wall separating atria or ventricles |
| What are the CS of Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects? | Murmurs, Congestive heart failure before 8 wks of age |
| How is Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects treated? | Medical management |
| What are Stenotic valves (Pulmonic and Aortic)? | Malformation of valves causing a narrowing of the outflow tract |
| What can Stenotic valves (Pulmonic and Aortic) lead to? | Hypertrophy of ventricles, heart failure |
| What are the clinical signs of Stenotic valves (Pulmonic and Aortic)? | Syncope, tiring on exercise |
| How are Stenotic valves (Pulmonic and Aortic) diagnosed? | Radiographs, ECG, Ultrasound |
| How are Stenotic valves (Pulmonic and Aortic) treated? | Medical management, Balloon dilation of valves or opening |
| What is the most common cardiovascular disorder in dogs? | Chronic mitral valve insufficiency |
| What percent of dogs older than 16 years are affected by chronic mitral valve insufficiency? | 75% |
| What percent of cases of congestive heart failure in small breed dogs is due to Chronic mitral valve insufficiency? | 95% |
| What size of dog does Chronic mitral valve insufficiency typically affect? | Small-breed/Toy-breed |
| What are the clinical signs of Chronic mitral valve insufficiency? | Cough (worse at night, with exercise), Dyspnea, tachypnea. Systolic murmur |
| How is Chronic mitral valve insufficiency diagnosed? | radiology, ultrasound, ECG |
| How is Chronic mitral valve insufficiency treated? | Diuretics, cardiovascular drugs to improve heart function |
| What should be avoided for dogs with Chronic mitral valve insufficiency? | Salt |
| Where is the Sinoatrial node located? | Right atrium |
| What are cardiac arrhythmias? | Deviations from normal heart rate or rhythm |
| What do alterations in rhythm result from? | Abnormal impulse formation, abnormal impulse conduction |
| What is a sinus arrhythmia? | Alternating periods of slower and more rapid heart rates usually related to respiration |
| What is atrial fibrillation? | Numerous disorganized atrial (p) impulses frequently bombarding the AV node |
| What are normal p waves replaced by with atrial fibrillation? | oscillations (f waves) |
| What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation? | Treat underlying cause; diltiazem or propranolol/atenolol |
| How many degrees of AV Block are there? | 3 |
| What is first degree AV Block? | Delay in conduction of a supraventricular impulse through the AV junction and bundle of His |
| What has prolonged intervals with a first degree AV Block? | P-R |
| How is First degree AV Block treated? | Treat underlying cause |
| What is Second degree AV Block? | Intermittent failure of AV conduction |
| What are not followed by QRS-T complexes? | One or more p waves |
| How is Second degree AV Block treated? | Atropine or glycopyrrolate; treat underlying cause |
| What is a third degree AV Block? | Cardiac impulse is completely blocked at AV junction |
| What relationship do p waves have with QRS complexes with Third degree AV block? | no constant relationship |
| How is Third degree AV Block treated? | Temporary or permanent pacemaker |
| What is canine heartworm disease caused by? | Dirofilaria immitis |
| What can canine heartworm disease cause? | Right-sided heart enlargement, endothelial damage, and pulmonary hypertension |
| What does the severity of canine heartworm disease depend on? | Number of adult worms |
| T/F: Most canine heartworm disease cases are asymptomatic | True |
| What are the clinical signs of canine heartworm disease? | cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance |
| How is canine heartworm disease diagnosed? | Positive antigen test, radiology, ultrasound |
| How is canine heartworm disease treated? | Adulticide and microfilaricide treatment; doxycycline |
| What are the clinical signs of feline heartworm disease? | Vomiting, cough, dyspnea, acute pulmonary embolism |
| How is feline heartworm disease diagnosed? | Antigen//Antibody tests, Radiology, Ultrasound |
| How is feline heartworm disease treated? | Supportive care |
| T/F: Cats with feline heartworm disease can suffer acute death with no signs. | True |
Created by:
Acraft02
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