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VET 111- sm. animal
Cardiovascular Diseases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular System Function | to maintain homeostasis by regulating blood flow through miles of vessels and capillaries. |
| Capillaries | transport nutrients into body cells and transport waste from the cells. |
| Pump | the heart |
| Pipes | the blood vessels |
| "Closed" System | this means change in one portion affects other portions of the system. |
| Heart Failure Causes | -myocardial dysfunction (pump failure) -circulatory failure (lack of circulating fluid volume) |
| Myocardial Dysfunction | |
| Circulatory Failure | |
| Congestive Heart Failure | heart failure that allows fluid congestion and edema to accumulate in the body, most heart failures become this type as the pump progressively fails. |
| Cardio- | heart |
| -Myo | muscle |
| -Pathy | disease |
| Cardiomyopathy | heart muscle disease |
| Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy | one of the most common acquired cardiovascular diseases of dogs, typically older male large breed dogs, rare in dogs weighing less than 26 lbs. |
| DCM Pathology | dilation of all heart chambers, result is decreased cardiac output and increased cardiac after load, cause is unknown but often follows myocardial insult. |
| Canine DCM (CS) | CS: weakness, shock, exercise intolerance, right heart failure, left heart failure |
| Right Heart Failure (CS) | CS: ascites, weight loss, abdominal distension |
| Left Heart Failure (CS) | CS: coughing, syncope (temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure). |
| Canine DCM (Dx) | Dx: ultrasound or radiograph |
| Canine DCM (Tx) | Tx: no cure. Diuretics to decreases fluid accumulation, positive inotropes to strengthen heart contractions and output, blood pressure medications. |
| Canine DCM (Info) | Info: always a fatal diseases, potention sudden cardiac arrhythmia, is progressive, prognosis is usually 6 months-2 years. |
| Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy | this disease has significantly decreased since the taurine supplement, CS and Dx is similar to dogs. Common in older mixed breed cats. |
| Feline DCM (Tx) | Tx: this is similar to dogs treatment, except the taurine supplement is added. |
| Feline DCM (info) | info: good prognosis if pet survives the first 2 weeks and responds to taurine supplementation. |
| Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) | disease where the left ventricular muscle hypertrophies (thickens) and decreases filling capacity of the ventricle. Most common cardiomyopathy seen in cats. Has a heritable cause. |
| Hypertrophy/Hypertrophic | the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells. |
| -trophy | nourishment, feeding, growth |
| Feline HCM (CS) | CS: soft systolic murmur, gallop rhythm or other arrhythmia, acute onset heart failure, acute onset of thromboembolism. |
| Systolic | relating to the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries. |
| Feline HCM (Dx) | Dx: radiographs (shows a "valentine" heart shape) and/or an ultrasound (shows increased left ventricular wall thickness and dilated left atrium. |
| Feline HCM (Tx) | Tx: low-dose heparin or low-dose aspirin, diuretics, blood pressure meds (ACE inhibitors +/- B-Blockers) |
| ACE Inhibitors | medications that help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure. |
| B-Blockers | a common type of heart medication used in both human and veterinary medicine for heart disease and for blood pressure regulation |
| Feline HCM (info) | info: median survival time is 732 days, cats may experience heart failure arterial embolism, and sudden death. |
| Embolism | obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble. |
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy- relation to the heart | this causes a bigger lumen of the chambers |
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy- relation to the heart | this causes bigger ventricular wall thickness |
| Thromboembolism | common and serious complication of myocardial disease in the cat. As the atria dilate, endothelial lining becomes damaged which releases clotting enzymes. 90% of emboli lodge is distal trifurcation of aorta causing a saddle thrombus. |
| Thromboembolism (CS) | CS: acute onset of rear leg pain, paresis, cold bluish foot pads, lack of palpable pulse in rear limbs. Dx is the clinical signs. |
| Thromboembolism (Tx) | Tx: try to dissolve the clot, use aspirin. |
| Thromboembolism (info) | info: prognosis is guarded to poor, aspirin can cause toxicity, monitor carefully. |
| Congenital Heart Diseases | malformations of heart and great vessels, relatively rare, often genetic but causes can include environmental, infections, nutritional, or drug related. |
| Congential | (of a disease or physical abnormality) present from birth. |
| Congenital Heart Diseases (CS) | CS: failure to grow, weakness, syncope, cyanosis, dyspnea, seizures, heart murmur. May be asymptomatic. |
| Syncope | temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure. |
| Cyanosis | a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | condition where the ductus arteriosus is not closed, blood is shunted from systemic circulation to pulmonary artery. |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus (CS + Tx) | CS: machinery murmur Tx: surgical correction |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus (info) | info: excellent prognosis with surgical correction, make sure the dog is not used for breeding. |
| Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects | defects in the wall separating the atria or ventricles. |
| Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects (CS + Tx) | CS: murmurs, congestive heart failure before 8 weeks of age Tx: medical management of congestive heart failure |
| Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects (info) | info: surgical repair requires open heart surgery, do not breed. |
| Stenotic Valves (Pulmonic and Aortic) | malformation of valves causing a narrowing of the outflow tract, leads to hypertrophy of ventricles and ultimately heart failure. |
| Stenotic Valves (CS + Dx) | CS: syncope, tiring on exercise Dx: rads, ECG, ultrasound |
| Stenotic Valves (Tx) | Tx: medical management if congestive heart failure develops, balloon dilation of valves or openings. Mild stenosis may have no affect, do not use these pets for breeding. |
| Chronic Mitral Valve Insufficiency | an acquired valvular disease, most common cardiovascular disorder in dogs. 75% of dogs older than 16 yrs are affected, rare in cats. 95% of cases of congestive heart failure in small breed dogs. Progression is worsened by chronic periodontal disease. |
| Chronic Mitral Valve Insufficiency (CS + Dx) | CS: small-breed or toy-breeds, 10+ yrs old, cough thats worse at night or w/ exercise, dyspnea, tachypnea, systolic murmur. Dx: rads, ultrasound, ECG |
| Chronic Mitral Valve Insufficiency (Tx) | Tx: no cure, diuretics, cardiovascular drugs to improve heart function. Is a progressive disease. Avoid salt in food and table scraps. |
| Sinoatrial Node | this part of the heart generates an electrical impulse, has specialized cells in the right atrium. Spreads across both atria > down the atrioventricular node > Bundle of His > Purkinje FIbers |
| Cardiac Arrhythmias | deviations from normal heart rate or rhythm. Results from abnormal impulse formation and abnormal impulse conduction. |
| Sinus Arrhythmia | alternating periods of slower and more rapid heart rates usually related to respiration. Frequently a normal findings in dogs, no treatment is required. |
| Atrial Fibrillation | numerous disorganized atrial (p) impulses frequently bombarding the AV node, normal p waves are replaced by oscillations (f waves). Treated w/ diltiazem/propranolol/atenolol, and treat underlying cause. |
| 1st Degree AV Block | delayed in conduction of a supraventricular impulse through the AV junction and bundle of His, prolonged P-R interval, is treated by treating underlying cause. |
| 2nd Degree AV Block | intermittent failure of AV conduction, 1 or more p waves are not followed by QRS-T complexes, treated w/ atropine or glycopyrrolate and also treat the underlying cause. |
| 3rd Degree AV Block | cardiac impulse is completely blocked at AV junction, P waves have no constant relationship with QRS complexes, treated with temporary or permanent pacemaker. |
| QRS Complex | A combination of the Q wave, R wave and S wave, the “QRS complex” represents ventricular depolarization. |
| K9 Heartworm Disease | disease caused by a worm called Dirofilaria immitis, female mosquitos are primary host. Microfilia migrate within skin to blood vessels, in pulmonary artery is causes endothelial damage. Can lead to right-sided heart enlargement/pulmonary hypertension. |
| K9 Heartworm Disease (CS + Dx) | CS: most are asymptomatic, cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance Dx: positive antigen test, rads, ultrasound |
| K9 Heartworm Disease (Tx) | Tx: Adulticide and microfilaricide treatment; Doxycycline. Prevented by a monthly prevention |
| Feline Heartworm Disease | cats are somewhat resistant to this disease, is less common than dogs. Cats will eliminate within 2 years. |
| Feline Heartworm Disease (CS, Dx, Tx) | CS: none in most. Acute death w/ no signs can happen, vomiting is fairly common, cough/dyspnea/pulmonary embolism. Dx: Antigen/Antibody tests, rads, ultrasound Tx: supportive care |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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