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VET 111- sm. animal
Hematologic Diseases (chp. 12)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Blood (Functions) | -temp regulation, pH balance, nutritional transport, waste disposal, hormone transport, immune response. |
| Blood (Composition) | composition: cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes), liquid component (plasma), and cellular components make up roughly 45% |
| Anemia | an erythrocyte disorder where there are not enough erythrocytes, is secondary to a primary disorder, can be regenerative/nonregenerative. |
| Hemolysis | an erythrocyte disorder when immune components attach directly or indirectly to the RBC membrane and alter its structure, altered RBC's are removed from systemic circulation. |
| Hemolysis (CS) | CS: acute exercise intolerance, pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, possibly icterus. |
| Hemolysis (Tx) | Tx: suppress immune system (steroids), supportive therapy, possible transfusion |
| Neonatal isoerythrolysis | special form of immune-mediated hemolysis |
| Onion Toxicity | an erythrocyte disorder, this causes hemoglobin denaturization, Heinz bodies in RBC's where cells don't function properly, clinical signs may be delayed by several days. |
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) | an erythrocyte disorder, specific cause is unknown, occurs in dogs 2-8 years, antibodies attach to RBC membrane and triggers destruction and removal of RBCs. |
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (CS) | CS: anorexia, listlessness, depression, tachycardia, tachypnea, possible icterus, possible hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, pale mucous membranes. |
| IMHA (Dx) | Dx: CBC: leukocytosis, regenerative anemia. Direct Coombs Test |
| IMHA (Tx) | Tx: oxygen therapy, steroids to manage immune response, Cimetidine/Sucralfate to prevent ulcers, Heparin to prevent thromboembolism or DIC. |
| Thromboembolism | obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation. |
| Info about IMHA | Info: prognosis is guarded, 30-40% of dogs die despite aggressive tx, relapses are common. |
| Thrombocyte Disorders | clotting disorders |
| Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (IMTP) | a thrombocyte disorder where specific cause is unknown, occurs in dogs 5-6 years, antibodies attach to PLT membrane and triggers destruction and removal. |
| IMTP (CS) | CS: epistaxis, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on skin and mucosal surfaces, weakness, lethargy |
| IMTP (Dx) | Dx: CBC shows low platelets, r/o other causes of thrombocytopenia, clinical signs and response to treatment. |
| IMTP (Tx) | Tx: Prednisone, Vincristine, Platelet-rich transfusion (plasma) |
| von Willebrand Disease | a thrombocyte disorder, the most common inherited disorder of hemostasis in dogs. Decreasesd amounts of vWF results in a bleeding disorder, vWF normally promotes clumping. Is hereditary. |
| von Willebrand Disease (CS) | CS: easy bruising, prolonged bleeding during estrus, prolonged bleeding from venipuncture. |
| von Willebrand Disease (Dx) | Dx: prolonged BMBT (buccal mucosal bleeding time) >4 min, and/or low levels of vWF in plasma (test can take weeks) |
| von Willebrand Disease (Tx) | Tx: plasma transfusion or desmopressin intraoperatively |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) | life-threatening thrombocyte disorder, is a widespread excessive activation of clotting proteins. The consumption of clotting proteins cause severe bleeding disorders, is secondary to an underlying disease. |
| DIC (CS) | CS: petechiae and ecchymoses |
| DIC (Dx) | Dx: coagulation panel including fibrinogen, prolonged bleeding time, thrombocytopenia, increased levels of fibrinogen degradation products. |
| DIC (Tx) | Tx: stabilize the patient, heparin, IV fluids, plasma transfusion for significant blood loss. Prognosis is guarded to poor, tx is expensive and intensive. |
| Rodenticide Toxicity | a thrombocyte disorder, most common poisoning seen in dogs and cats. Rodenticide causes coagulopathy, inhibits recycling vitamin K (activates clotting factors) and animal cannot convert prothrombin to thrombin. |
| Coagulopathy | broadly defined as any derangement of hemostasis resulting in either excessive bleeding or clotting |
| Rodenticide Toxicity (CS) | CS: appear 3-5 days post-ingestion. |
| Rodenticide Toxicity (Dx) | Dx: presenting CS, PE, and Hx. APTT, ACT, and PT times are increased, rads detect internal bleeding, positive response to vitamin K therapy. |
| Rodenticide Toxicity (Tx) | Tx: emetics or activated charcoal, vitamin K injection and oral therapy, fresh frozen plasma or whole blood transfusions, supportive care (fluids). |
| Rodenticide Toxicity (Info) | Info: prognosis depends on type of rodenticide ingested and how soon treated, vitamin K should be given with high-fat canned food, coagulation profiles need to be monitored through therapy and weeks post-treatment. |
| Ehrlichiosis | a leukocyte disorder caused by Ehrlichia canis (bacteria) from brown dog ticks. Common in southeastern/S-western US. Bacteria multiples in blood cells and causes vascular endothethial damage, platelet consumption, RBC destruction, suppresses bone marrow. |
| Leukocyte | A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue, are part of the body's immune system. |
| Ehrlichiosis (CS) | CS: depression, anorexia, fever, wt loss, edema of limbs or scrotum, lymphadenopathy. |
| Ehrlichiosis (Dx) | Dx: Idexx 4DX Annual Heartworm Test, hematology (pancytopenia, positive Coombs Test), blood smear (organism live in mononuclear cells). |
| Ehrlichiosis (Tx) | Tx: Doxycycline or other tetracycline |
| Lymphadenopathy | a disease affecting the lymph nodes. |
| Feline Lymphoma | a leukocyte disorder that is 90% of all feline blood tumors, most are FeLV-induced. Three types: Mediastinal, Alimentary, and Multicentric |
| Mediastinal Lymphoma | space-occupying mass in the mediastinum |
| Alimentary Lymphoma | a lymphoma that is a intestinal obstruction and causes diarrhea. |
| Multicentric | most common form of lymphoma, variable clinical signs depending on location, peripheral lymphadenopathy (visibly enlarged), weight loss. |
| Feline Lymphoma (Dx) | Dx: cytology by FNA or biopsy |
| Feline Lymphoma (Tx) | Tx: chemotherapy, can cause leukopenia and vulnerable to secondary infections. |
| Feline Lymphoma (Info) | Info: no cure, goal is remission and quality of life, average survival time is 2 months- 2 years, all animals relapse eventually. |
| Canine Lymphoma | a leukocyte disorder in canines, remission rates can reach 90% |
| Malignant Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) | most common blood tumor in dogs. |
| Canine Lymphoma (CS) | CS: enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, lethargy, wt loss, vomiting, diarrhea |
| Canine Lymphoma (Dx) | Dx: cytology or biopsy |
| Canine Lymphoma (Tx) | Tx: chemotherapy |
| Canine Lymphoma (Info) | Info: Without Tx, most die within 4-6 weeks from DX. With Tx life expectancy is 2-6 months. Need to monitor CBC/WBC frequently. |
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) | this leukocyte disorder interacts w/ lymphocytes and changes their ability to function normally. Endemic in most of US, outdoor cats at greatest risk, fighting causes most transmission. |
| FIV (CS) | CS: febrile episodes, lymphadenopathy, persistent or recurrent infections, wt loss, ocular lesions. |
| FIV (Dx) | Dx: SNAP test in-house, serology (Idexx) |
| FIV (Tx) | Tx: supportive care, prevent secondary infections, limit contact w/ other cats, avoid routine vaccinations. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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