Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Vet 126 Midterm 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CBC | evaluation of whole blood consisting of its cellular and noncellular components |
| PCV | determines the percentage of RBC to the total volume of blood |
| RBC | synthesize hemoglobin, transport O2 from lungs to tissues, transport waste from cells to lungs |
| WBC | protect the body from foreign microbes and toxins |
| platelet function | hemostasis |
| major mechanisms for hemostasis | vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation |
| plasma | noncellular portion of unclotted blood |
| albumin | most common protein, produced in liver, preserves osmotic pressure between blood and tissues |
| globulin | transport lipids and hormones, helps trap and destroy invaders |
| fibrinogen | essential clotting protein |
| serum | noncellular portion of clotted blood |
| hypoproteinemia | decrease of total protein |
| azotemia | presence of abnormally high levels of urea or other nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood |
| normal color of plasma | colorless to straw |
| abnormal colors of plasma | red, white, yellow |
| reasons for protein losses | excessive bleeding from intestinal or urinary tract, malnutrition/starvation, liver disease, parasitism |
| pre-renal azotemia | elevation of nitrogen waste in the blood that is going to kidney but kidney function is OK |
| primary renal azotemia | elevation of nitrogen waste in the blood due to poor kidney disease |
| post-renal azotemia | elevation of nitrogen waste in the blood due to an obstruction preventing the elimination of nitrogenous waste but kidney function is OK |
| electrolytes | calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, chloride |
| urine specific gravity | reflects the kidney's ability to conserve water, evaluation of the urine concentrating ability of the kidney, density of urine compared to density of water |
| parts of blood separated in microhematocrit tube | RBC, buffy coat, plasma |
| important structures evaluated in a chest radiograph | lungs, heart, diaphragm, airway patency |
| Class I patient physical status | normal healthy animals, no underlying disease |
| Class II patient physical status | animals with slight to mild systemic disturbances, animals able to compensate, no clinical signs of disease |
| Class III patient physical status | animals with moderate systemic disease or disturbances, mild clinical signs |
| Class IV patient physical status | animals with preexisting systemic disease or disturbances of a severe nature |
| Class V patient physical status | surgery often performed in desperation on animals with life-threatening systemic disease or disturbances not often correctable by surgery, includes all moribund animals not expected to survive 24 hours |
| patient preparation for anesthesia | correcting pre-existing problems, bathing/grooming, permission forms signed, proper patient ID, proper procedure verification, fasting prior to anesthesia, general parameters, urination/defecation, pre-medications, IV catheterization, fluid therapy |
| correcting pre-existing problems | infections, metabolic system disturbances, parasites, nutrition, etc. |
| importance and uses of IV catheterization | ease of administration, multiple drug doses, rapid administration, emergency port, fluid therapy, constant infusions, partial dose and dose to effect |
| evaluation of hydration status | PCV, skin turgor, TPP, position of eye in orbit, mucous membrane moistness, CRT, urine specific gravity |
| crystalloids | substance which in solution passes readily through animal membranes, diffuses from the intravascular space, 3:1 ratio, most common, maintenance for surgical/anesthetic procedures |
| colloids | resist diffusion, provide oncotic pressure, confined to intravascular space, 1:1 ratio |
| administration rates for daily maintenance | 30-40 mL/lb/day |
| administration rates for anesthetic maintenance | 5-10 mL/lb/hr in small animal, 3-5 mL/lb/hr in large animal |
| administration delivery set sizes | 10, 15, 60 gtts/mL |
| cellular receptor | a molecular structure or site on the surface or inside a cell that binds with a substance; receptor activation usually results in a function or effect |
| agonist | a substance that can combine with a cell receptor to produce a reaction typical for that substance; mimics job of receptor |
| antagonist | a substance that can combine with a cell receptor to block the effect of an agonist; no activity at receptor |
| partial agonist/antagonist | a substance that can combine with a cell receptor, is able to block a pure agonist but has some effects of the agonist to a lesser degree |
| rationale for pre-medications | enhance patient comfort, reduce untoward effects of general anesthesia, decrease amount of anesthetic used, management of non-anesthetic patients |
| schedule of controlled drugs | I is more prone to abuse than V |
| most commonly used schedule of controlled drugs in veterinary medicine | schedules III and IV |
| phenothiazines | commonly used agents for sedation, can be used in combination with other agents, variety of routes of administration |
| Acepromazine | neurolept agent, affects the RAC of the brain, antiemetic, antiarrhythmic, antihistamine, reduces threshold to seizure, peripheral vasodilation, splenic congestion, decreased platelet function, excitation, protrusion of nictitans, relaxes urinary bladder |
| RAC | conscious activity, body temperature, BMR, emesis, vasomotor tone, alertness |
| benzodiazepines | release endogenous GABA, antianxiety, calming, skeletal muscle relaxation/ataxia, anticonvulsant, amnestic, can cause decrease in inhibitions, metabolized by the liver, excreted by the kidney |
| Diazepam | may absorb to plastic, light sensitive, causes precipitates to form, slow IV injection, appetite stimulant/hepatic failure in cats, ataxia, contradictory response, acute control of seizures |
| Midazolam | water soluble, given IM, excitation, combination esp. with narcotics, minimal cardiopulmonary effects, transient resp. depression, paradoxical effects, no analgesia |
| Xylazine | most commonly used thiazine derivative, IM/IV, young healthy patients, has reversal agent, 20 minute analgesia, many side effects, muscle relaxation, cannot be used with epinephrine, increased blood glucose, vomiting, bloat, depresses thermoregulation |
| Medetomidine | dog only, less affinity for alpha-1 receptors, greater potency, less side effects, IM/IV, combination with ketamine, opioids, atropine, glycopyrrolate, diuretic |
| Detomidine | horses, relieves GI/abdominal/colic pain, fatal drug interaction with sulfa antibiotics |
| Dexmedetomidine | isomer of medetomidine |
| organs containing opioid receptors | brain, spinal cord, GI, urinary, smooth muscle |
| use of opioids | derived from morphine, analgesia, neurolept analgesia, respiratory depression, thermoregulation, GI effects, addiction, bradycardia, hypotension, increased intracranial pressure, cough suppression, increased response to noise, miosis, mydriasis, sweating |
| neurolept analgesia | use of opioid+tranquilizer, used to induce general anesthesia |
| Oxymorphone | 10x more potent than morphine, hyperexcitability in cats |
| Hydromorphone | 5x more potent than morphine, relatively safe for all species |
| Fentanyl | 250x more potent than morphine, limit to where transdermal patch can be placed |
| Meperidine | 1/8th potency of morphine, severe hypotension if given too quickly, irritating if given SQ, horses experience tachycardia/profuse sweating/PVC |
| Buprenorphone | 30x more potent than morphine, may not see full effect in some species |
| Butorphanol | 4-7x more potent than morphine, tolerance build up with sequential use |
| parasympatholytic medication | block acetylcholine receptors, block parasympathetic effects, caution with patients with heart muscle disease, increased heart rate, bronchodilation, decraesed secretions |
| pain scale | 1 is less painful than 9 |
| preemptive analgesia | delivery of an analgesic prior to the painful procedure, decreases the buildup of chemical mediators of pain |
| steroids | block the action of phospholipase, stabilize cell membranes and make them less fragile, decrease inflammatory pathway, cannot use chronically |
| NSAIDs | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin-like, block formation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, block cyclooxygenase activity, target cyclooxygenase II |
| neutraceuticals | essential fatty acids, plant/animal sources, increase caloric intake |
| antihistamines | competitive antagonist to histamine at tissue receptors, do not prevent histamine release |
| balanced anesthesia | use of multiple anesthetic agents to achieve response |
Created by:
hbrandt
Popular Veterinary sets