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VET 111- sm. animal
Neonatal Care, Reproductive/Urinary Diseases (chp 6+7)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neonatal Illnesses | these require immediate attention: hypothermia, dehydration, hypoglycemia, neonatal isoerythrolysis, and malnutrition |
| Neonatal Temperature | maintains heat from mother > shivers and vasoconstriction mechanisms begin at 6-8 days > body temp similar to adults at 6 weeks. |
| Hypoxia | deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues. |
| Hypothermia in Neonates | this causes the gut motility to slow and decrease temp, regurgitation/aspiration pneumonia will occur, gastric contents ferment and cause bloat, cellular immune factors are inhibited. |
| Hypothermia @ birth | below 94*F |
| Hypothermia @ 1-3 days of age | below 96*F |
| Hypothermia @ 1 week of age | below 99*F |
| Neonates below 88*F (Clinical Signs) | -restlessness, crying, red mucous membranes, skin cool to touch, respiratory rate above 40 bpm and heart rate above 200 bpm. |
| Neonates @ 78-85*F (Clinical Signs) | -lethargy, uncoordinated but responsive, respiratory rate 20-25 bpm, heart rate below 50 bpm |
| Neonates below 70*F (Clinical Signs) | -appears dead, treat is able to arouse. |
| Hypothermia Treatment | Tx: slowly reheat with fluids (2*F per hour), warm ambient air, do not give anything PO unless u can hear gut sounds. |
| Dehydration | this is treated with fluid therapy (IV, IO, IP, SQ) and all fluids must be warmed to 98-99*F before administered. |
| Hypoglycemia | risk for this is great, most common cause of seizures in neonates. Healthy neonates can maintain normal blood glucose for up to 24 hrs without nursing. |
| Hypoglycemia Treatment | Tx: dextrose slowly IV or IO (Intraosseous) |
| Intraosseous | the process of injecting medications, fluids, or blood products directly into the marrow of a bone; this provides a non-collapsible entry point into the systemic venous system. |
| Neonatal Isoerythrolysis | a fatal condition in which the antibodies in a mother's milk destroys the baby's red blood cells, occurs w blood type B queens. No clinical signs and jaundice/death occurs in 2 days of life. |
| Fading Puppy/Kitten Syndrome (CS's) | CS: anorexia, lethargy, emaciation, birth defects, stillbirth/weak at birth, death (necropsy recommended for cases w unapparent cause). Treated with supportive care. |
| Fading Puppy/Kitten Syndrome Causes | Causes: poor management, malnutrition, inappropriate environmental conditions, congenital/genetic defects, infections. |
| Orphan Puppy/Kitten Care | maintaining an ambient temperature, proper nutrition (feed 5-6 times a day), stimulate urination/defecation after each feeding. |
| Pseudocyesis | false pregnancy, common in dogs but rare in cats, lasts for 1-3 weeks, tends to reoccur. |
| Pseudocyesis (Clinical Signs) | CS: weight gain, mammary gland enlargement, lactation, mother behavior, carrying stuffed toys. |
| Pyometra | pus within the uterus, occur within 2 months of last estrous cycle, less common in cats. |
| Pyometra (CS's) | CS: anorexia, PU (polyuria)/PD (polydypsia), abdominal enlargement. Can have vaginal discharge and an open cervix or none. |
| Pyometra (Treatment) | Tx: antibiotics, ovariohysterectomy, prostaglandins for open pyo only, will shrink corpus luteum. |
| Fetal Death | re-absorption if early in gestation, expulsion of uterine contents/abortion, may confuse with failing to conceive, can have bacterial and viral causes. |
| Dystocia | difficult birth, emergency situation. Breech presentation (feet first) is normal for dogs and cats, about 50% chance. |
| Dystocia (CS's) | CS: weak infrequent contractions for 1-2 hrs w/o progress, prolonged interval greater than 4 hours between pups, mother is in obvious extreme pain. |
| Dystocia (Treatment) | Tx: manual manipulation to remove pup, administer oxytocin for uterine contraction, cesarean section. |
| Mammary Gland Neoplasia (Dogs) | most common tumor of female dogs, 1/4 chance, is 50% of all canine tumors. 50% are benign. Most common after the 1st heat cycle. |
| Mammary Gland Neoplasia (Cats) | third most common tumor in female cats, risk is same for cats spayed or not, 10-20% are benign. |
| Mammary Gland Neoplasia | this neoplasia can eventually go to the lungs. CS: firm hard nodules and sometimes ulcerations. Treated w surgery, chemo is not curative. |
| Prostate Diseases | -hyperplasia, neoplasia, cysts, prostatitis. CS's depend on the disease. Most common is straining to defecate/urinate, painful urination, or stiff gait. Treated with castration (except for neoplasia). |
| Cryptorchidism | retained testicle, can be one or both testes, is labeled this is not descended by 6 months. This is inheritable and gives an increased risk for testicular cancer. |
| Urinary System Functions | -waste removal (main), regulation of water/electrolyte content, involved in RBC production, control of blood pressure. |
| Feline Idiopathic Cystitis | used to be referred as "Feline lower urinary tract disease," cause is unknown. |
| Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (CS's) | CS: dysuria, hematuria, inappropriate urination, more frequent urination (pollakiuria), licking genital area. |
| Dysuria | difficult urination |
| Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (Tx) | Tx: no antibiotics used unless bacteruria, self-limiting 7-10 days but can reoccur, reduce stress, nutrition high in omega 3 fatty acids + fish oil, increase water, frequent litter changes, ANALGESIA. |
| Canine Cystitis | most common cause is bacterial, most due to an ascending infection of E. coli or Proteus spp. Dx by a cysto. Treated with antibiotics and repeated cysto after. |
| Feline Uroliths | (bladder stones) polycrystalline concreations of minerals and small amount of protein matrix. |
| Urethral Plug | small amount of minerals in large amount of protein matrix. |
| Urethral Plug (CS's) | -obese older male cats, distended bladder/palpation, straining to urinate, crying in litter box, rolling on floor/painful abdomen, collapse, can die from high potassium if not treated within 24-36 hours. |
| Urethral Plug (Tx) | Tx: Rx diet, antibiotics, gentle catheter, IV fluids, urinary catheter for 2-3 days. Can also be treated with a cystotomy (to remove stones) or a perineal urethrostomy. |
| Urethrostomy | removal of the penis by surgery. |
| Renal Failure | one of the most common disease in vet med, can be acute or chronic. Disease is not evident until approx. 66% of kidney function is lost. |
| Acute Renal Failure Causes | Causes: hypoperfusion, nephrotoxic injury (drugs or antifreeze), infection (lepto), immune mediated. |
| Hypoperfusion | decreased blood supply, shock, anesthesia induced. |
| Acute Renal Failure (CS's) | -anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, oliguria, polyuria/polydypsia, dehydration, fever (if infectious) |
| Oliguria | reduced output of urine |
| Chronic Renal Failure | leading cause of death in geriatric small animal patients, more common in cats, irreversible progressive disease that is ultimately fatal. |
| Chronic Renal Failure (CS's) | CS: dullness, lethargy, weakness, cervical ventroflexion in cats, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration. |
| Renal Failure (Treatment) | Tx: fluids (IV and then SQ if chronic), electrolytes, discontinue potentially nephrotoxic drugs, intestinal protectants, high quality protein and low phosphorus diet, stimulate RBC production. |
| Canine Urinary Incontinence | loss of voluntary control of micturition. |
| Micturition | urination |
| K9 Urinary Incontinence (Tx) | Tx: depends on cause of incontinence, hormone response is treated w/ Diethylstilbesterol (DES) or Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) also known as Proin. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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