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VET 111- sm. animal
Diseases of the GI System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Prehension | grasping of food with the lips/mouth |
| GI Tract Functions | prehension, mechanical grinding (chewing), chemical digestion of food, absorption of nutrients/water, elimination of waste. |
| Oral Cavity Disease Clinical Signs | -reluctance to eat, oral pain, halitosis (bad breath), excessive salivation |
| Gingivitis | earliest sign of periodontal disease and reversible |
| Periodontitis | this is when the periodontal ligament is destroyed, leads to alveolar bone re-absorption and tooth loss. The bacteremia (bacteria in blood) can cause heart and kidney disease. |
| Periodontitis Tx | -teeth cleaning, antibiotics, oral surgery for tooth extraction (gingivectomy) |
| Cleft Palate | gap or hole in the roof of the mouth, this is when the two sides of the palate do not fuse properly prior to birth, can be hard or soft palate. Requires surgery and antibiotics. |
| Esophageal Obstruction | this is more common in dogs and young animals, caused by bones/toys/strings/needles. CS: exaggerated swallowing movements, increased salivation, retching. Treated by prompt removal. |
| Megaesophagus | caused by a hypomotility of the esophagus. Accumulation of food causes stretching and dilatation. Origin can be neurological or muscular. |
| Megaesophagus CS | CS: regurgitation, congenital form or acquired form, respiratory signs, dyspnea, lethargy, fever. |
| Megaesophagus Tx | Tx: identify/treat the primary cause, palliative (calming) food, elevated feeding, small frequent meals, esophageal surgery (not successful). |
| Acute Gastritis | common cause of vomiting, caused by diet/infection/toxins/foreign objects. Treated by withholding food, fluids, antiemetics or antibiotics if needed, small frequent meals after fasting. |
| Gastric Ulceration | this is often a result of drug therapy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can also be cause by stress. Treated w/ fluids, bland diet, and oral anti-acids. |
| Gastric Ulceration CS | CS: anorexia, vomiting blood, anemia, pain, melena. |
| Melena | dark sticky feces containing partly digested blood. |
| Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) | bloating and twisting of the stomach common in large deep-chested dogs, caused by large meals after strenuous exercise. This is life threatening. Treated w/ aggressive oxygen and IV fluids, and surgery. |
| GDV Clinical Signs | CS: fast shallow breathing, weakness, depression, nonproductive retching, abdominal pain and distension. |
| Diarrhea | runny water feces, may cause weight loss. Can happen acutely, parasitic, viral, bacterial, or dietary intolerance/sensitivity. |
| Intestinal Obstruction | most common cause is a foreign body, may be partial or complete. CS: anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain. Tx: surgery (enterotomy or exploratory laparotomy). |
| Chronic Diarrhea | can be 3 things: intestinal lymphangiectasia, intestinal neoplasia, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). All present similarly and have different treatments. Dx: intestinal biopsy. |
| Lymphangectasia | impaired intestinal lymphatic drainage. Normal lymphatic flow is obstructed and fluid backs up into the intestinal lumen. Tx: (control protein loss) food w/ low fat and quality protein, prednisolone, metronidazole. |
| Lymphangectasia CS | CS: edema/effusion/ascites, light-colored diarrhea, chronic progressive weight loss and emaciation. |
| Intestinal Neoplasia | more common in cats, can be an adenocarcinoma or lymphosarcoma. Tx: resection of mass or chemotherapy. Cats respond better to chemo than dogs. CS: weight loss/vomit/diarrhea/anorexia. |
| Diseases of Large Bowel | CS: diarrhea, straining, bloody feces, mucous stool. Dx: fecal, rads w/ barium series, colonoscopy and biopsy |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | cause is unknown, excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa, decreased absorption and increased defection. Treated w/ anti-inflammatories and hypoallergenic diets low in fat. |
| Intussusception | the telescoping of small segment into larger segment. Partial to complete obstruction. Compromises blood supply and leads to necrosis. Cause is idiopathic. Treated with surgery. |
| Idiopathic | relating to or denoting any disease or condition which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown. |
| Megacolon | constipation in cats, common in older/obese cats, possible defect in neurostimulation, 60% idiopathic. Dx: palpation and rads. Rx: surgery, colectomy |
| Neurostimulation | the purposeful modulation of the nervous system's activity using invasive or non-invasive means. |
| Megacolon CS | CS: straining to defecate (not straining to urinate, differentiate the two), dehydration, vomiting |
| Liver Functions | -detoxifies/excretes drugs, removes pathogens and old red blood cells, produces glucose from fat, produces proteins for body (clotting factors, albumin). |
| Liver Disease | liver failure occurs when 70-80% of liver is injured. Caused by anomalies, infections (viral or bacterial), metabolic problems, neoplasia, toxins/drugs. |
| Neoplasia | the formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue. |
| Liver Disease CS | CS: clinical signs are vague, vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia, pigmented urine, anorexia, ascites, encephalopathy, jaundice, neurological signs. |
| Encephalopathy | a disease in which the functioning of the brain is affected by some agent or condition (such as viral infection or toxins in the blood). |
| Liver Disease Dx | Dx: serum chemistry, radiographs, ultrasound, biopsy, |
| Liver Disease Tx | Tx: depends on if acute or chronic. Can treat w/ activated charcoal, induced vomiting, stopping problematic drugs, supportive care and/or antibiotics. |
| Feline Hepatic Lipidosis | this disease is idiopathic, most common hepatopathy in cats, common in adult/obese cats. Can be triggered by stress and causes the cat to stop eating. Tx: nutrition support or gastrostomy tube. |
| Hepatopathy | A disease or disorder of the liver |
| Portosystemic Shunt | the most common circulatory anomaly in dogs and cats. Blood from portal vein is shunted or bypasses the liver and returns to the vena cava and heart prior to filtration. Tx: stabilization and surgery. |
| Pancreatitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas. More prevalent in obese animals and animals that recieve high fat diets/table scraps/garbage binge. Treated w/ fluids, NPO and then high carb diet, antibiotics. |
| Pancreatitis Dx | Dx: increased amylase, lipase, Snap Canine Pancreatic Lipase (cPL) Test. |
| Pancreatitis CS | CS: depression, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, abdominal pain, shock. |
| Epulis | the most common benign oral mass seen in dogs. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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