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VET 111 Week 2
GI Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the GI tract? | Prehension (grasping) of food, chewing, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, elimination of wastes |
| What are the clinical signs of Oral Cavity Disease? | Reluctance to eat, Oral pain, Halitosis, and excessive salivation |
| What is the earliest sign of periodontal disease? | Gingivitis |
| What is gingivitis? | Plaque (tartar) buildup, anerobic bacteria, enzymes, hyperplasia of gingiva |
| What is peridontitis? | Destruction of the periodontal ligament |
| What can bacteremia cause? | Heart and kidney disease |
| How is Gingivitis/Periodontal disease diagnosed? | Clinical signs and Periodontal probing |
| What is the treatment for Gingivitis/Periodontal disease? | Teeth cleaning, Antibiotics, Oral surgery (Tooth extraction, gingivectomy) |
| What is the prevention for Gingivitis/Periodontal disease? | Oral hygiene, Routine teeth cleanings, and feed hard, crunchy food. |
| What is a cleft palate? | Gap or hole in the roof of the mouth |
| Why does a cleft palate happen? | Two sides of the palate do not fuse properly prior to birth |
| What are the clinical signs for a cleft palate? | Milk bubbling from the nose while nursing, failure to thrive/fading puppy syndrome, aspiration pnuemonia |
| How is a cleft palate diagnosed? | Physical exam |
| What is the treatment for a cleft palate? | Surgery, Antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia |
| What does the prognosis for a cleft palate depend on? | The complexity of the defect |
| Which palate can a cleft palate happen to? | Both (soft and hard) |
| What type of animal is esophageal obstruction more common in? | Dogs and young animals |
| What are the clinical signs of esophageal obstruction? | Exaggerated swallowing movements, Increased salivation, and retching |
| How is esophageal obstruction diagnosed? | Endoscopy, radiology |
| What is the treatment for esophageal obstruction? | Prompt removal |
| What is Megaesophagus caused by? | Hypomotility of the esophagus |
| What can Megaesophagus lead to? | abnormal transport of ingesta |
| Is Megaesophagus congenital or acquired? | Either |
| Is Megaesophagus segmental or generalized? | Either |
| Is Megaesophagus mild or severe? | Either |
| Is the origin of Megaesophagus neurological or muscular? | Either |
| What is the most common origin of Megaesophagus? | Idiopathic |
| What are the clinical signs of Megaesophagus? | Regurgitation, respiratory infection, dyspnea, lethargy, and fever |
| When does Megaesophagus appear in its congenital form? | As the animal is being weaned and beginning to eat solid foods |
| When does Megaesophagus appear in its acquired form? | At any time |
| What does regurgitation increase the risk of? | Aspiration pneumonia |
| How is Megaesophagus diagnosed? | History of regurgitation associated with meals, thoracic radiographs, fluoroscopy or esophagoscopy |
| What us the treatment for Megaesophagus? | identify/treat the primary cause, palliative, elevated feeding, small and frequent meals. |
| What does the prognosis for Megaesophagus depend on? | severity of paralysis, nutritional state, and patient's response to tx |
| What is always a risk with Megaesophagus? | Aspiration pneumonia |
| What are the causes of acute gastritis? | diet, infection, toxins, foreign object |
| What are the clinical signs of acute gastritis? | Anorexia, acute vomiting, abdominal pain |
| What is the prescription given for acute gastritis? | Fluids (Oral, SQ, or IV), Antiemetics, antibiotics |
| How long should food be restricted in an animal with acute gastritis? | 12 to 24 hours |
| What kind of food should be offered after treatment? | small, frequent, bland meals |
| What information should be given to a client about acute gastritis? | Avoid abrupt diet changes |
| What drug therapy causes gastric ulceration? | NSAID |
| What are other causes of gastric ulceration? | Stress, trauma |
| What are clinical signs of gastric ulceration? | Anorexia, vomiting blood, anemia, pain, melena (dark bloody feces) |
| How is gastric ulceration diagnosed? | Endoscopy |
| What is the treatment for gastric ulceration? | Fluids, Restrict food intake/bland diet, oral anti-acids |
| What information should be given to a client about gastric ulceration? | Never administer NSAIDS without a prescription |
| What is Gastric Dilation/Volvulus? | Bloating and twisting of the stomach |
| What type of dogs is prone to Gastric Dilation/Volvulus? | Large and Giant breed deep-chested dogs |
| T/F: Gastric Dilation/Volvulus is life threatening | True |
| What are the clinical signs of Gastric Dilation/Volvulus? | Fast and shallow breathing, weakness and depression, nonproductive retching, abdominal pain and distention |
| How is Gastric Dilation/Volvulus diagnosed? | Radiology |
| What is the treatment for Gastric Dilation/Volvulus? | Aggressive shock treatment (oxygen, IV fluids), reduce stomach distention with tube or trochar, surgery (reduce tension, gastropexy |
| What information should be given to the client about Gastric Dilation/Volvulus? | Avoid one large meal per day, Limit exercise post eating, Gastropexy is not a guarantee to prevent future GDV |
| What are the causes of acute diarrhea? | Diet change, drug therapy, stress |
| What are the causes of parasitic diarrhea? | Roundworms, protozoans |
| What are the causes of viral diarrhea? | Parvovirus, distemper, coronavirus, feline panleukopenia |
| What are the signs of diarrhea? | Runny, watery feces, weight loss |
| How is diarrhea diagnosed? | Fecal examination, CBC, Chemistry, Urinalysis |
| What is the treatment for diarrhea dependent on? | Cause |
| T/F: Intestinal Obstruction can be partial or complete | True |
| What is the most common cause of Intestinal Obstruction? | Foreign body |
| What are the clinical signs of Intestinal Obstruction? | Anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain |
| How is Intestinal Obstruction diagnosed? | radiography, ultrasound |
| How is Intestinal Obstruction treated? | surgery (enterotomy or exploratory laparotomy) |
| What are the three types of chronic diarrhea in cats? | Intestinal Lymphangiectasia, intestinal neoplasia, inflammatory bowl disease (IBD) |
| T/F: All types of chronic diarrhea in cats have similar presentation | True |
| T/F: All types of chronic diarrhea in cats have different therapies | True |
| How is chronic diarrhea in cats diagnosed? | Intestinal biopsy |
| What is Lymphangiectasia? | Impaired intestinal lymphatic drainage |
| Where does the fluid back up when an animal has Lymphangiectasia? | Intestinal lumen |
| What are the clinical signs of Lymphangiectasia? | edema/effusion/ascites, Light-colored diarrhea, chronic progressive weight loss and emaciation |
| What is the treatment for Lymphangiectasia? | Control protein loss |
| What are the two types of Intestinal neoplasia? | Adenocarcinoma and Lymphosarcoma |
| What animal is Intestinal neoplasia more common in? | Cats |
| What are the clinical signs of Intestinal neoplasia? | Weight loss, Vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia |
| What is the treatment for Intestinal neoplasia? | Resection of mass, chemotherapy |
| What information about Intestinal neoplasia should be told to the client? | Mean survival times with treatment is 7 to 24 months |
| Which animal responds better to chemotherapy than dogs? | Cats |
| What are the clinical signs for all diseases of the large bowel? | Diarrhea, straining to defecate, red blood in feces, increased mucous in stool |
| How are all diseases of the large bowel diagnosed? | Fecal exam, radiograph, colonoscopy and biopsy |
| T/F: The cause of Inflammatory bowl disease is known. | False |
| What is prescribed for Inflammatory bowl disease? | Anti-inflammatories, Hypoallergenic diets low in fat |
| What information about Inflammatory bowl disease should the client know? | Goal is to control the frequent defecation, prolonged treatment |
| What is Intussusception? | Telescoping of small segment into larger segment |
| What does Intussusception cause? | Compromise blood supply, necrosis |
| What is the cause of Intussusception? | Parasites, foreign bodies, infection, neoplasia |
| How is Intussusception diagnosed? | Ultrasound, exploratory laparotomy |
| How is Intussusception treated? | Surgery (reduction) |
| What information should be given to clients related to Intussusception? | Treat puppies for parasites, recurrence in infrequent |
| What is megacolon? | Constipation in cats |
| Which cats are commonly affected by megacolon? | Obese, Older |
| What percent of megacolon is idiopathic? | 60% |
| What are the clinical signs of megacolon? | Strain to defecate, dehydrated, vomiting |
| How is megacolon diagnosed? | Palpation and radiographs |
| How is megacolon treated? | Surgery, colectomy |
| T/F: Megacolon can be fully treated without surgery | False |
| What are the functions of the liver? | Detoxifies and excretes drugs, Removes pathogens and old red blood cells, produces glucose from fat, produces proteins for body (clotting factors; albumin) |
| What percentage of liver injury does liver failure occur? | 70 to 80% |
| What are the causes of liver disease? | Anomalies (shunt), Infectious (viral, bacterial), Metabolic (hepatic lipidosis), neoplasia, Toxins/drugs |
| What are the clinical signs of liver disease? | Vague, vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria and polydipsia, pigmented urine, anorexia, weight loss, ascites, encephalopathy, jaundice, neurologic signs |
| How is liver disease diagnosed? | Serum chemistry, radiographs, ultrasound, biopsy |
| What does treatment for liver disease depend on? | Severity (acute or chronic) |
| What is the treatment for liver disease? | Activated charcoal, induce vomiting, stop problematic drugs, supportive care, antibiotics |
| T/F: Feline Hepatic Lipidosis is idiopathic | True |
| T/F: Feline Hepatic Lipidosis is the most common hepatopathy in cats | True |
| Which cats are most likely to have Feline Hepatic Lipidosis? | Adult, obese cats |
| What is a trigger for Feline Hepatic Lipidosis? | Stress |
| What is the treatment for Feline Hepatic Lipidosis? | Nutrition support, Gastrostomy tube |
| What information should be given to the client about Feline Hepatic Lipidosis? | Avoid stress in obese cats, early intervention is essential, prevent obesity |
| What is a portosystemic shunt? | Vascular communication(s) between portal and systemic venous systems (allows blood to bypass liver) |
| What levels increase with a portosystemic shunt? | Toxin |
| What breed of dogs does portosystemic shunt commonly affect? | Yorkshire terriers and miniature schnauzers |
| What is the treatment for a portosystemic shunt? | Surgery |
| What is important information for the client about a portosystemic shunt? | Expensive surgery |
| What is pancreatitis? | Acute or chronic inflammation of pancreas |
| What type of animal is pancreatitis more prevalent in? | Obese animals |
| What diets make an animal more prone to pancreatitis? | High in fat |
| What are the clinical signs of pancreatitis? | Depression, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, abdominal pain, shock |
| How is pancreatitis diagnosed? | Increased amylase, lipase, Snap Canine Pancreatic Lipase (cPL) test |
| What is the treatment for pancreatitis? | Fluids, electrolytes, NPO, then high carb diet, antibiotics |
| What information should the client be given about pancreatitis? | Prevent obesity, avoid over feeding, feed low fat treats |
Created by:
Acraft02
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