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Vett 113 WK 4
Week 4: Virus, fungi, protozoa COURSEWORK
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe a virus. | Not considered a living thing and comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. Its an obligate intracellular parasite. |
| Can all viruses infect any tissue and any host? | No, viruses can only infect certain species of hosts and only certain cells within a host. |
| How are viruses classified? | Shape, RNA or DNA, enveloped vs. non-enveloped. |
| Describe an enveloped virus. | Have an external membrane surrounding the capsid protein, and generally destroyed with disinfectants., detergents, freezing and thawing. |
| describe a non-enveloped virus. | have no external membrane surrounding the capsid protein, and harder to destroy with disinfectants and detergents. |
| what is meant by the term "naked virus"? | non-enveloped virus, no membrane. |
| how are viruses transmitted? | inhalation, direct and indirect contact, open wounds, indigestion, vectors. |
| What are the possible effects of viral infections on cells? | Cell ruptures releasing the viral particles. Cell remains intact and the viruses migrate our of the cell. Virus caused the cell to malfunction and clinical signs are due to this malfunction vs cell death. some viruses cause cell to form into cancerous(mal |
| Define primary infection | a viral infection that damages cells. |
| What is meant by a secondary infection? | Bacteria moves in and increases in numbers causing things such as puss discharge from nose and mouth. |
| What are the possible outcomes of viral infections? | They can have an acute or chronic infection, they can become a carrier wit no symptoms of an infection, or latent infection. |
| What are the steps of viral infection? | Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating of genetic material, replication stage, assembly stage, release stage (naked virus), release stage (enveloped, budding) |
| What is meant by latent infection? | The virus may be hiding (dormant) in specific tissue and will become reactivated with stress, malnutrition, or concurrent illness. |
| How are viral infections treated? | Fluids, nutritional support, treatment of clinical signs, anti-viral medications. |
| If a patient has a viral infection, when would it benefit from the use of an antibiotic. | Antibiotics do not destroy viruses, but are helpful for bacteria. |
| What are some ways to help prevent viral infections? | Vaccinations, immunoglobulins, proper nutrition, good hygiene, stress reduction, screening, and quarantine or new animals. |
| do commonly used disinfectants easily kill all viruses? | Enveloped viruses can be killed, but un enveloped are difficult. Some require a bleach solution. |
| Can some viruses cause cancer? | Yes, feline leukemia virus. Malignant = CANCEROUS CELL |
| How are viral infections diagnosed? | Clinical signs, test serum, lab tests, virus culture and isolation, electron microscopy. |
| What is an obligate intracellular parasite? | Parasite dependent on the cell to provide a habitat, energy, and materials needed for reproduction. |
| What is replication? | The virus hijacks the host cells structure in order to reproduce. |
| What's a capsid? | A protein core that surrounds the RNA or DNA. |
| What is a lyse/lysis? | Cell rupture. |
| What is a host? | carrier of a virus. |
| What are immunoglobulins? | also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). |
| What is mycology? | The study of fungi. |
| What are some properties of fungi? | Eukaryotic cells, have rigid cell wall made of chitin, non-motile, obtain nutrients by absorption, all fungi require water/oxygen(obligate aerobes), reproduce sexually/asexually with spores. |
| Importance of spores include: | allows for dissemination/fungus to move, allows for reproduction, allows fungus to survive periods of adversity, helps with identification/classification, source of contamination. |
| Classification of fungi based on morphology: | Molds, Yeasts (single cells that bud), Yeast like, dimorphic (Fungi exist as yeast in tissue an as molds in natural habitat) |
| Beneficial effects of fungi: | Decomposition, Biosynthetic factories, antibiotics such as Penicillin, edible, yeast provides nutritional supplements, cheese, |
| Harmful effects of fungi: | destroys food, lumbar, paper, and cloth. animal/human diseases. toxins by poisonous mushroom's (Mycetism, mycotoxicosis) plants diseases, spoilage of agriculture produce. |
| what general class of drugs is used to treat fungal infections? | Antifungal drugs kill and stop the growth. |
| What are protozoa? | First/Animals. Microscopic single celled eukaryotic organisms. They require organic materials which may be particulate or in a solution. Sexual/asexual reproduction. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) or phagocytosis (cell eating) used to absorb nutrients. |
| What are some common protozoal pathogens in veterinary medicine? | Giardie (small intestine), toxoplasma gondii (small int, muscles, brain),isospora (small int), cryptosporidium (small int), sarcocystis (smal int), babesia (red blood cells). |
| Where are protozoa commonly found? | moist environments. can also be viewed as free-living or symbolic (soil or aqueous environment) |
| what is commensalism? | denotes an interaction that is beneficial to one organism but has no effect on the other. (ex. Protozoa living in canal of other organisms with no harm) |
| What is mutualism? | denotes a special form of commensalism in which both organisms derive some benefit and have become dependent on each other. (ex. Trichonympha found in gut of termites) |
| What is parasitism? | denotes a relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism. (the host). Can sometimes be overly harmful and be referred to as pathogenic. |
| How do protozoans move? | cilia and flagella are subcellular structures which propel protozoa through a fluid medium. |
| what is the most common form of reproduction of protozoa? | A sexual binary fission. |
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jennjenn1
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