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-Cells and Tissues
ANS 205
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is the cell composed | 85% water, 10% lipid, 1.5% inorganic matter, 1.5% other |
| What are the simple proteins inside the cell | albumins, protamines, histones, collagen, eslatin |
| What are the kinds of lipids | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids |
| What is an example of fatty acids | prostaglandins and leukotrienes (saturated and unsaturated) |
| What is an example of triglycerides | glycerol +3 FA |
| What are triglycerides | neutral fats stored in adipose tissue |
| What is an example of phospholipids | phosphate +3 FA |
| Where are phospholipids found | cell membranes |
| What is an example of steroids | C atoms in rings, cholesterol |
| How much do carbohydrates make up the cell | less than 1% |
| What are three types of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, polysaccharides, ribose and deoxyribose and base (DNA and RNA) |
| What are the cell components | cell membrane, cytoplasmic organelles, nucleus |
| What is the outer membrane of the cell made of | plasma membrane, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins |
| What type of model is the cell membrane | fluid mosaic (phospholipids) |
| What are the parts that deal with contact and adhesion in the cell membrane | desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions |
| Describe passive transport | down a concentration gradient |
| Describe active transport | traveling against a concentration gradient using ATP |
| What is diffusion | distribution of a substance in a solvent such that it gets equally concentrated |
| What is facilitated diffusion | down a concentration gradient but requires a carrier system (transmembrane protein) |
| How does alcohol affect something quickly | it doesn't need and transporters to help it diffuse |
| What is osmosis | movement of water across membranes |
| What are aquaporins | transmembrane proteins that are water channels |
| What is osmotic pressure | force that moves the water from side with lower solute concentration to the side with higher in a cell |
| What is a solution that has the same osmotic pressure all over | isotonic |
| What is the usual NaCl concentration for an isotonic solution | 0.9% |
| What is a hypotonic solution | solution has lower osmotic pressure |
| What is a hypertonic solution | solution has higher osmotic pressure |
| What type of solution would cause crenation | hypertonic |
| What type of solution would cause hemolysis | hypotonic |
| What is phosphorylation | carrier causes change in shape and movement of molecule |
| What is dephosphorylation | protein returns to its original shape |
| What is high inside and outside of the cell in use of the NA-K ATPase pump | outside-high NA, inside-high K |
| Does the NA-K ATPase pump move molecules along or against the concentration gradient | against |
| What is the liquid component of the cytoplasm | cytosol |
| What are the organelles in the cytoplasm | endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes |
| What are the parts of the cytoplasm | cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton |
| What is stored in the smooth E.R. | calcium |
| What is the rough E.R. covered in | ribosomes |
| What occurs in the rough E.R. | protein synthesis and glycosylation |
| Describe the mitochondria | double membrane with crista |
| What is the enzymes in the mitochondria associated with | Kreb's cycle |
| Where is ATP produced | mitochondria |
| What are lysosomes | membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes |
| Where can you find lysosomes | E.R. and golgi |
| What type of blood cells are lysosomes located | WBCs |
| What do lysosomes do | engulf and degrade intracellcular organelles |
| What is the lifespan of RBCs | 120 days |
| What are the parts of the cytoskeleton | microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments |
| What are the microtubules in the cytoskeleton | scattered throughout cytoplasm, largest and most rigid |
| What are the intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton | cell junction like desmosomes |
| What are microfilaments in the cytoskeleton | spindle fibers during cell division, cilia |
| Where is DNA located | nucleus |
| What is the nucleus surrounded by | double membrane |
| What are cells with no nucleus | RBCs |
| What does strata mean | greek for layers |
| What are the basic types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| What are the parts of epithelial tissue | simple and stratified |
| What are the types of cells in epithelial tissue | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| Where can simple squamous epithelial tissue be found | alveoli in the lungs |
| Where can simple cuboidal epithelial tissue be found | kidney and glands |
| Where can simple columnar epithelial tissue be found | digestive tract, respiratory tract in bronchus |
| Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue be found | trachea |
| Where can stratified squamous epithelial tissue be found | upper digestive tract |
| Where can stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue be found | mammary, salvary, sweat glands |
| Where can stratified columnar epithelial tissue be found | urethra |
| Where can transitional epithelial tissue be found | urinary system, bladder |
| What is muscle tissue used for | contractile force and movement |
| Which tissue is exciteable, meaning they conduct signals to exchange ions | muscle |
| What are the types of muscle tissue | cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
| What is locomotion | the movement of the entire animal as well as the internal processes |
| Where can you find cardiac muscle tissue | heart |
| Where can you find smooth muscle tissue | lining and protecting internal organs |
| What is the function of connective tissue | serves to connect other tissues and gives form and strength to organs |
| What are the two types of connective tissue | loose and dense |
| What are the other types of connective tissue | adipose (fat), cartilage, bone, blood |
| What does adipose tissue do | protects against temperature changes |
| What is blood connective tissues composed of | water and solutes |
| What is a cartilaginous mature cell | chondrocyte |
| Where can you find cartilage connective tissue | costal cartilage |
| What are the cells in bone | osteocytes |
| What are the bone cells collectively called | osteonae |
| What kind of a cell is a -blast | immature cell |
| What kind of cell is a -cyte | mature cell |
| What type of signals does nervous tissues send | excitable, electrical, chemical |
| What type of cells support nervous tissue | glial (insulation) |
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