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surgery drugs
| hydromorphone Schedule | II |
| Hydromorphone Desirable | Sedative Relieves severe pain Antitussive activity Rapid onset Moderate duration Versitile |
| Hydromorphone undesirable | Nausea Dysphoria at high doses panting CNS depression Decreases GI motility |
| Hydromorphone indications | Sedation Chemical restraint Premed alone or in combination of other drugs |
| Hydromorphone Contraindications | Previous allergic reaction to other opioids |
| Hydromorphone Class | Mu Receptor agonist opiod analgesic |
| Dexmeditomadine Class | Alpha 2 agonist |
| Dexmeditomadine desirable | Sedation MAC reducing Reversible Analgesia |
| Dexmeditomadine Undesirable | Arrythmias Decreased cardiac output Bradycardia |
| Dexmedatomadine Indications | sedation pre medication |
| Dexmeditomadine contraindications | Non-Insulin dependent Diabetes |
| Butorphanol schedule | IV |
| Butorphanol Class | Mu receptor antagonist and kappa receptor agonist opioid analgesic |
| butorphaolol Beneficial | • Sedative • Minimal organ toxicity • Unlikely to produce dysphoria in cats • Does not induce vomiting • Less respiratory depression than mu agonist opiods • Reduces inhalant anesthetic dose requirement |
| butorphanol Undesirable | • Mild respiratory depression • Relieves mild to moderate pain only (~1 hr) • Short duration of action (2-4 hrs) • Dysphoria at high doses |
| Butorphanol Indications | • Short term parenteral analgesia for mild to moderate pain in dogs and cats • Short duration cough suppression • Opioid partial antagonist or reversal agent |
| Butorphanol contraindications | previous reactions to opioids treatment of severe pain |
| Buprenorphine schedule | III |
| Buprenorphine class | Partial Mu receptor agonist opioid analgesic |
| Buprenorphine Beneficial | • Minimal organ toxicity • Long duration of effect • Unlikely to induce dysphoria in cats • Unlikely to induce hyperthermia in cats • Does not induce vomiting |
| Buprenorphine Undesirable | • Respiratory depression (mild) • Analgesic action suitable for control of mild to moderate pain only • Relatively slow on set (10 to 15 minutes) • Abnormal behavior after repeat dosing for 3-4 days when treating acute pain in cats |
| Buprenorphine Indications | • Parenteral and oral analgesia for control of mild to moderate pain in dogs and cats • Epidural analgesia for hind limb, caudal body or abdomen |
| Buprenorphine Contraindications | • When moderate to severe pain is present or anticipated |
| Ketamine schedule | III |
| Ketamine Class | Dissociative anesthetic |
| ketamine beneficial | • Rapid onset • Analgesia • Non arryhthmogenic • Sympathetic stimulant |
| Ketamine Undesirable | • Muscle rigidity if administered alone • Seizurogenic • Increased intracranial pressure • Increased intraocular pressure • Occasional feline hyperthermia post anesthesia • Pain on injection • Stimulates salivation |
| Ketamine indications | • IV anesthetic induction when combined with diazepam, midazolam, and propofol • IM chemical restraint • CRI analgesia |
| ketamine contraindications | • Shock • Moderate renal or hepatic impairment • Early hypertrophic cardiac disease |
| Diazepam (Valium) class | Benzodiazepene |
| Diazepam (Valium) schedule | IV |
| Diazepam (Valium) Beneficial | • Excellent muscle relaxation • Reduces muscle rigidity that accompanies ketamine administration • Minimal cardiovascular depression • Minimal respiratory depression • Rapid onset IV |
| Diazepam (Valium) undesirable | • Excitation when administered alone IV in healthy patients • Potentiates respiratory depression of opioids • Occasion pain on IV injections • Limited drug compatibility |
| Diazepam (Valium) indications | • Combined with IV ketamine, pentothal or propofol during anesthesia induction • CRI for seizure control |
| Diazepam (Valium) contraindications | • Poor choice for patents with moderate to severe liver dysfunction • Caesarian section |
| Alfaxalone schedule | IV |
| Alfaxalone class | neuroactive steroid / hypnotic anesthetic |
| Alfaxalone beneficial | • Versatile can be given IM or IV • Little to no cardiovascular effects • Short onset, short acting |
| Alfaxalone undesirable | • Respiratory depressant • Volume for IM injections • Not considered a significant analgesic • Apnea post IV induction |
| Alfaxalone indications | • Induction of anesthesia for cardiac patients • Brief Sedation |
| Alfaxalone contraindications | : Use without proper pre med |
| Midazolam schedule | IV |
| midazolam class | Benzodiazepine hypnotic sedative |
| idazolam Beneficial | • Sedation • Versatile, can be given IM or IV • Muscle relaxation • Minimal cardiovascular and respiratory depression • Reversible -- (flumazenil) |
| midazolam undesirable | • Excitation in young healthy patients • Heart arrhythmias • No analgesia |
| midazolam Indications | • Paired with dissociative anesthetic to provide muscle relaxation • TX seizures |
| Midazolam Contraindications | • Given alone can cause dysphoria, agitation and difficult restraint • Patients with Portosystemic shunts |
| Telazol schedule | III |
| Telazol class | Tiletamine: Phencyclidine Zolazepam: benzodiaepine |
| Telazol beneficial | • Rapid onset • Analgesia • Non arryhthmogenic • Sympathetic stimulant • Excellent muscle relaxation and chemical restraint |
| Telazol undesirable | • Respiratory depression • Seizurogenic • Increased intracranial pressure • Increased intraocular pressure • Sympathetic stimulant |
| Telazol indications | • IV anesthetic induction – off label • IM chemical restraint |
| Telazol contraindications | • Shock • Moderate renal or hepatic impairment • Early hypertr |
| Propofol schedule | IV |
| Propofol class | Phenol Hypnotic anesthetic agent |
| Propofol Beneficial | • Rapid onset of relaxation and short duration • Very smooth recovery even after brief anesthesia • Reduced intracranial pressure • Reduced intraocular pressure • Antiemetic |
| Propofol undesirable | • Hypotension due to vasodilation • Bradycardia due to decreased myocardial contractility • No analgesia! Not MAC reducing • Occasional muscle rigidity/twitching and opisthotomus during induction • Preservative free formulation has short shelf life |
| Propofol indications | • IV anesthetic induction • IV anesthetic maintenance • IV anesthetic induction of sight hounds |
| Propofol contraindications | • Pre-anemia, dehydration, hypovolemia or shock • Moderate to severe cardiac disease or organ dysfunction |
| Atipamazole class | Alpha 2 receptor antagonist-dexmedetomidine reversal agent |
| Atipamazole beneficial | • Reverses sedative and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine |
| Atipamazole undesirable | • Reverses dexmedetomidine’s analgesic effects • May cause CNS excitation if administered too rapidly |
| Atipamazole indications | • Dexmedetomidine reversal |
| Atipamazole contraindications | Patient has severe pain |
| Naloxone classd | Mu opioid receptor antagonist (opioid reversal agent) |
| Naloxone beneficical | • Reversal of the CNS and respiratory depressant effects of opioids |
| Naloxone undesirable | • Rapid administration IV predisposes to cardiac arrhtymias • Reversal on analgesic effects of opioids • Short acting |
| Naloxone Indications | • Reversal of opioids |
| Naloxone contraindications | • Presence of pain • Cardiovascular instability |
| Isoflurane class | Halogenated ether inhalant anesthetic agent |
| Isoflurane beneficial | • Titrated to desired affect • Good muscle relaxation • Rapid recovery • Rapid change in anesthetic depth • Eliminated through the respiratory tract • Non-arrhythmogenic |
| Isoflurane undesirable | • Dose dependent respiratory depression • Dose dependent depression of cardiac contractility • Vasodilation • Increase in intracranial pressure • Occupation exposure hazard • Poor analgesic |
| Isoflurane indications | • Maintenance of anesthesia |
| Isoflurane contraindications | • Familial history of malignant hyperthermia |
| Atropine class | Anti-muscarinic anticholinergic agent |
| Atropine beneficial | • Rapid onset • Brief duration • Reduces salivation • Protects heart against bradycardia from reflex vagal stimulation • Protects heart against bradycardia induced by drugs such as opioids, anti-cholineseterases and |
| Atropine undesirable | • Mydriasis • Decreased GI motility • Tachycardia |
| Atropine indications | • Protection against reflex bradycardia caused by surgical stimulation • Treatment of bradycardia during anesthesia • Correction of second degree heart block during anesthesia |
| Atropine contraindications | • Protection against reflex bradycardia caused by surgical stimulation • Treatment of bradycardia during anesthesia • Correction of second degree heart block during anesthesia |
| Dexamethasone class | Glucocorticoid |
| Dexamethasone indications | • Shock • CNS trauma • Many other anti-inflammatory indications |
| doxapram class | CNS/Respiratory stimulant |
| Doxapram indications | • Stimulate respiratory function in neonates • Respiratory Depression |
| Epinephrine | Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptor agonist |
| Epinephrine indications | • CPR • Treatment of anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions • Treatment of life threatening bronchoconstriction |
| Glycopyrrolate class | Anti-muscarinic anticholinergic agent |
| Glycopyrrolate indications | • Anesthesia expected to last greater than 30-40 minutes • Anticholinergic of choice for patients with hyperthyroidism • Blocks vagal reflexes • Reduces salivation • Protects heart against bradycardia from reflex vagal stimulation |
| Lidocaine class | Antiarrythmic Local anesthetic |
| Lidocaine beneficial | • Local/topical anesthetic • Anti-arrythmic • Enhances GI motility • Free Radical scavenger/anti-oxidant • Local/topical anesthetic • Anti-arrythmic • Enhances GI motility • Free Radical scavenger/anti-oxidant |
| Lidocaine undesirable | • Toxic side effects when administered by prolonged CRI • Adverse cardiovascular effects in cats when delivered by CRI during general anesthesia |
| Lidocaine indications | • Tissue or nerve infiltration for local or regional anesthesia • Topical application for desensitization of larynx prior to intubation • IV administration for treatment of canine PVC’s or ventricular tachycardia |
| Lidocaine contraindications | • Administered IV in the presence of heart block or bradycardia • Concurrent IV administration to patients receiving other anti-arrhythmic agents • Epidurally to patients with potential for blood loss or severe hypotension |
| Meloxicam class | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent COX-2 selective inhibitor |
| Meloxicam beneficial | • Analgesic • Anti-inflammatory • Antipyretic |
| Meloxicam undesirable | • Gastric mucosal damage • GI ulceration • Liver enzyme elevations |
| Meloxicam indications | • Post-operative pain management • Canine osteoarthritis |
| Meloxicam contraindications | • Previous allergic reactions to meloxicam • Significant renal and hepatic impairment • Patients with GI ulceration or bleeding, dehydration, hypotension • One dose for cats |
| Robenacoxib (Onsior) class | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent COX-2 selective inhibitor |
| Robenacoxib (Onsior) beneficial | • Analgesic • Anti-inflammatory • Antipyretic |
| Robenacoxib (Onsior) undesirable | • Gastric mucosal damage • GI ulceration • Liver enzyme elevations |
| Robenacoxib (Onsior) indications | • Post-operative pain management • Canine osteoarthritis |
| Robenacoxib (Onsior) contraindications | • Previous allergic reactions to Robenacoxib • Significant renal and hepatic impairment • Patients with GI ulceration or bleeding, dehydration, hypotension • One dose for cats |
| Ondansetron (Zofran) class | Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist anti-emetic |
| Ondansetron (Zofran) indications | • treat nausea and vomiting (especially associated with chemo or radiation therapy) • sleep apnea in Bulldogs • pruritis secondary to epidural or spinal opioids |
| Canine normals Awake | T - 100.0-102.0 F up to 200 in pups P - 60-160 bpm R - 16-32 brpm PCV - 37-55% TP - 5.4-7.5 g/dL GLU- 76-120 mg/dL |
| canine normals anesthetized | T – 98-102.5 F P – 60-120 bpm R – 8-20 brpm BP – MAP> 60 mmHg, Systolic >90 mmHg ETCO2 – 35-45 mmHg SPO2 – 95-100% |
| Feline normal awake | T - 100.0-102.0 F P - 140-220 bpm R - 20-42 brpm PCV - 30-45% TP - 5.7-7.6 g/dL GLU - 58-120 mg/dL |
| feline normal anesthetized | T - 100-102.5 F P – 100-170 bpm R – 12-18 brpm BP – MAP> 60 mmHg, Systolic >90 mmHg ETCO2 – 25-35 mmHg SPO2 – 95-100% |
Created by:
Corgimom
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