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Vet. Anesthesia
Analgesia, Anesthetic Agents, and Special Techniques
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Perioperative Analgesia | Pain control before and/or after surgery |
| Transdermal Patch | A reservoir of analgesic or other drug enclosed in plastic that is applied to clipped skin; the drug is released slowly through the back of the patch and absorbed transcutaneously; especially useful for drugs with a short half-life |
| Anesthetic Agent | Any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without consciousness |
| Adjunct | A drug that is not a true anesthetic but that is used during anesthesia to produce other desired effects (like sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, reversal, neuromuscular blockade, or parasympathetic blockade) |
| Preanesthetic Medication | An anesthetic agent or adjunct administered during the preanesthetic period to provide one or more of a variety of desired effects, including analgesia, sedation, and muscle relaxation |
| Neuromuscular Blocker | An adjunct used to relax or paralyze skeletal muscles as a part of balanced anesthesia |
| Reversal Agents | A drug used to lessen or abolish the effects of anesthetic agents or adjuncts, and which is therefore used to "wake" the patient after sedation or anesthesia |
| Pharmacokinetics | The effect that the body has on a drug; including movements of a drug in the body |
| Pharmacodynamics | The effect that a drug has on the body; drug actions |
| Agonist | A drug that binds to and stimulates tissue receptors |
| Antagonist | A drug that binds to but does not stimulate receptors; can be given after an agonist of the same class as a reversal agent to wake the patient from sedation or anesthesia |
| Partial Agonist | A drug that binds to and partially stimulates tissue receptors |
| Agonist-Antagonist | A drug that binds to more than one receptor type, simultaneously stimulating at least one and blocking at least one |
| Anticholinergic | An adjunct that lessens parasympathetic effects by blocking muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system; most commonly used to prevent and treat bradycardia and to decrease salivary secretions arising from parasympathetic stimulation |
| Tachycardia | Rapid heart rate; the opposite of bradycardia |
| Dead Space | The breathing passages and tubes that convey fresh oxygen from the source to the alveoli, but in which no gas exchange can occur; includes Anatomic Dead Space and Mechanical Dead Space |
| Anatomic Dead Space | Includes the bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and nasal cavity |
| Mechanical Dead Space | Includes the y-piece of the breathing circuit, where there is bidirectional flow of gases, and the portion of the endotracheal tube extending beyond the nose or the y-piece and face mask |
| Mydriasis | Dilation of the pupil of the eye; opposite of miosis |
| Colic | Severe abdominal pain of sudden onset caused by a variety of conditions including obstruction, twisting, or spasm of the intestinal tract |
| Ataxia | Inability to coordinate movement |
| Dysphoria | Anxiety, uneasiness, and restlessness most often produced by opioids; the opposite of euphoria |
| Fascicultation | Involuntary muscle twitching |
| Synergistic/Supra-Additive | An interaction between two drugs in such a way that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects |
| Neuroleptanalgesia | A state of profound sedation and analgesia induced by the simultaneous administration of an opioid and a tranquilizer |
| Macroemulsion | A type of emulsion (a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another with which it does not mix), in which the particles of one liquid are large enough to scatter light, causing the liquid to look cloudy (propofol) |
| Microemulsion | A type of emulsion (a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another with which it does not mix), in which the particles of the dispersed liquid are so small that they don't scatter light, resulting in a liquid that appears clear |
| Nystagmus | A rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of both eyes |
| Apnea | A temporary absence of spontaneous breathing |
| Myoclonus | Spontaneous muscle twitching |
| Cortisol | A natural steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, which plays a role in protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism |
| Cataleptoid State | A state produced by dissociative agents, in which a patient does not respond to external stimuli and has a variable degree of muscle rigidity |
| Somatic Analgesia | Absence of pain of the skin, muscle, bone, and connective tissue |
| Visceral Analgesia | Absence of pain in the internal organs |
| Apneustic Respiration | A breathing pattern, most often seen during dissociative anesthesia, in which there is a pause for several seconds at the end of the inspiratory phase, followed by a short, quick expiratory phase |
| Analeptic Agent | A drug that causes general central nervous system stimulation |
| Sensory Neurons | A neuron that conveys sensations (i.e., pain, heat, cold, and pressure) from the skin, muscles, and other peripheral tissues to the brain |
| Infiltration | Injection of local anesthetic into tissues, often in proximity to a nerve |
| Motor Neuron | A neuron that conveys impulses from the brain to muscle fibers and is responsible for initiating and controlling voluntary movements |
| Paresis | Weakness of a body part caused by loss of nerve function; partial paralysis |
| Paralysis | Inability to move a particular muscle group of body part such as a limb because of loss of nerve function; may also involve a loss of sensation in the affected part |
| Sympathetic Blockade | Loss of function of sympathetic nerves supplying the heart and blood vessels resulting from diffusion of local anesthetic into the thoracic spinal cord; signs include bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, and hypotension |
| Eutectic Mixture | A mixture of two substances with a melting point that is lower than the individual melting points (when lidocaine and prilocaine are mixed, which are both solids at room temperature, the mixture results in an oil with a melting point of 16°C |
| Splash Block | Local anesthesia produced by direct application of local anesthetic to a wound or open surgical site; most often applied as a spray or with a soaked gauze sponge |
| Line Block | Consists of a continuous line of local anesthetic |
| Ring Block | When a line of local anesthetic completely encircles an anatomic part |
| Scoliosis | Lateral curvature of the spine; seen in cattle that have had a paravertebral block |
| Paresthesia | An abnormal sensation of tingling, pain, or irritation, that may be apparent during recovery from local anesthesia |
| Assisted Ventilation | A type of ventilation in which the anesthetist ensures that an adequate volume of air is delivered to the patient, although the patient initiates each inspiration |
| Controlled Ventilation | A type of ventilation in which the anesthetist controls the respiratory rate, tidal volume, and the peak inspiratory pressure. In this type of ventilation, the patient does not make spontaneous respiratory efforts |
| Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) | Any procedure by which the anesthetist assists or controls the delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gas to the patient's lungs; includes both manual and mechanical ventilation |
| Atelectasis | Collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs |
| Manual Ventilation | Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by squeezing of the reservoir bag of the anesthetic machine; may be used to provide periodic or intermittent mandatory ventilation |
| Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation | Positive pressure ventilation throughout the entire anesthetic period as the sole source of the patient's ventilatory needs |
| Mechanical Ventilation | Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by use of a mechanical ventilator; usually used to provide intermittent mandatory ventilation |
| Line Block | Consists of a continuous line of local anesthetic |
| Ring Block | When a line of local anesthetic completely encircles an anatomical part |
Created by:
KaleighMichelle
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