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Vet. Anesthesia
The Preanesthetic Patient, Anesthetic Equipment, and Safety
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Academy of Veterinary Technicians in Anesthesia and Analgesia (AVTAA) | Offers specialization to credentialed technicians with an interest in veterinary anesthesia and analgesia; recognized in 1999 |
| American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (ACVAA) | Offers specialization to credentialed veterinarians; recognized in 1975 |
| Anesthesia | "A loss of sensation"; used daily to proved sedation, tranquilization, immobility, muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and pain control |
| General Anesthesia | A reversible state of unconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, and loss of sensation throughout the entire body produced by administration of one or more anesthetic agents; cannot be aroused by painful stimulation |
| Surgical Anesthesia | A specific stage of general anesthesia in which there is a sufficient degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation to allow surgery to be performed without patient pain or movement |
| Analgesia | A loss of sensitivity to pain |
| Sedation | Refers to drug-induced CNS depression and drowsiness that vary in intensity from light to deep; minimally aware or unaware of surroundings; can be aroused by painful stimulation |
| Tranquilization | A drug-induced state of calm in which the patient is reluctant to move and is aware of but unconcerned about its surroundings |
| Hypnosis | A drug-induced sleep-like state that impairs the ability of the patient to respond appropriately to stimuli; aroused with sufficient stimulation |
| Narcosis | Refers to a drug-induced sleep from which the patient is not easily aroused and that is most often associated with the administration of narcotics |
| Local Anesthesia | Refers to loss of sensation in a small area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic agent in proximity to the area of interest |
| Topical Anesthesia | The loss of sensation of a localized area produced by administration of a local anesthetic directly to a body surface or to a surgical or traumatic wound |
| Regional Anesthesia | Refers to a loss of sensation in a limited area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic or other agent in proximity to sensory nerves; includes nerve blocks and epidurals |
| Minimum Patient Database | A compilation of pertinent information gleaned from the patient history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests |
| Hypothermia | Low body temperature |
| Hypoxia | Low tissue oxygen level |
| Reproductive Status | Refers to whether or not the patient has been spayed or castrated and, if the patient is intact, whether or not the patient is being used for breeding |
| Intact | Possessing gonads; not spayed or castrated |
| Syncope | Fainting |
| Extra-Label Drug Use | The use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved label directions |
| Body Condition Score | A numeric assessment of the patient's weight compared with the ideal body weight; the lower the number the thinner they are, the higher the number the more obese they are |
| Level of Consciousness (LOC) | Refers to the patient's responsiveness to stimuli or how easily it can be aroused, and is used to assess brain function |
| Patients with mildly decreased LOC that can be aroused with minimal difficulty are described as ________ | Lethargic |
| Patients that are more depressed and cannot be fully aroused are referred to as ________ | Obtunded |
| ________ patients are in a sleep-like state and are only aroused with a painful stimulus | Stuporous |
| A ________ patient cannot be aroused and is unresponsive to all stimuli including pain | Comatose |
| Miosis | Pupil constriction |
| Borborygmus | Intestinal noises audible with or without a stethoscope, caused by gas moving through the intestinal tract |
| Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus | A dangerous gastrointestinal condition, occurring primarily in deep-chested large breed dogs, in which the stomach swells with air and twists on its long axis, leading to shock, loss of blood supply, and other serious consequences |
| Physical Status Classification | A graded assessment of a patient's physical condition; used to plan patient management prior to administering anesthetics and to gauge patient risk |
| Constant Rate Infusion (CRI) | Slow, continuous administration of a drug at a rate sufficient to achieve the desired effect |
| Vesicants | Drugs/anesthetic agents that damage tissues if injected perivascularly |
| Sloughing | Separation of dead tissue from surrounding live tissue in a wound; often used in reference to tissue death and loss secondary to drug-induced damage |
| Homeostasis | Refers to a constant state within the body created and maintained by normal physiologic processes |
| Vasodilation | Dilation of the blood vessels; opposite of vasoconstriction |
| Infusion Rate (ml/hr) | The value used to program and IV infusion pump |
| Drip Rate (gtt/min or gtt/s) | The value used to adjust the administration set |
| Macrodrip Sets | Deliver fluids at a rate of 10-15 drops/ml and are used to deliver fluids at infusion rates equal to or greater than 100ml/hr |
| Microdrip Sets | Deliver fluids at a rate of 60 drops/ml and are used for infusion rates less than 100ml/hr |
| Pain | Defined as an aversive sensory and emotional experience that elicits protective motor actions (a dog biting when receiving vaccines), results in learned avoidance (afraid of going to the vet for boosters), and may modify species-specific behavior traits |
| Nociception | The detection by the nervous system of the potential for or the actual occurrence of tissue injury |
| Physiologic Pain | The protective sensation of pain that normally occurs when there is a possibility of or actual tissue injury; the "ouch" pain seen when you touch something hot or sharp; classified as adaptive pain |
| Adaptive Pain | Promotes survival by preventing injury and by promoting healing of the injured body part |
| Pathologic Pain | Pain that is amplified and persistent; classified as maladaptive pain |
| Maladaptive Pain | Serves no useful function, but causes suffering |
| Inflammatory Pain | Occurs at the site of tissue injury due to the release of chemical mediators like prostaglandins and histamine |
| Neuropathic Pain | Results from injury to the nervous system |
| Idiopathic Pain | Pain with no identifiable cause |
| Acute Pain | Refers to pain that has an immediate onset after tissue injury and resolves when healing is complete |
| Chronic Pain | Pain that can last from weeks to years and persists after the tissues have healed |
| Visceral Pain | Pain that originates from the organs |
| Somatic Pain | Pain that originates from the musculoskeletal system |
| What are the four steps of the pain pathway? | Transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception |
| Multimodal Therapy | Treatment of pain with analgesics that target two or more types of pain receptors |
| Catabolic State | A metabolic state in which the rate of catabolism (the breakdown of body tissues and substances into simple molecules) exceeds the rate of anabolism (the synthesis of body tissues and substances from simple molecules) |
| Wasting | A decrease in body mass, energy, or vigor often caused by disease |
| Peripheral Hypersensitivity | Manifests clinically as increased sensitivity to a painful stimulus |
| Morbidity | The incidence of disease |
| Mortality | The death rate |
| Preemptive Analgesia | Providing analgesia before tissue injury |
| Emergence Delirium | Disorientation that occurs during anesthetic recovery as consciousness returns; may be characterized by vocalization, aggression, thrashing, and locomotor activity |
| Simple Descriptive Scale | Allows the assessor to rate the degree of pain (absent, mild, moderate, severe); not suited for chronic or subtle changes |
| Visual Analogue | Consists of a "ruler" where the left side equates to no pain and the right side equates to the worst possible pain |
| Numeric Rating Scale | Similar to a simple descriptive scale, but each pain level has a number (no pain = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2, severe = 3) |
| Categorical Numeric Rating Scale | A series of numeric rating scales with descriptions to rate each of several categories before totaling the score (the higher the number, the worse the pain is) |
| Endotracheal/ET Tube | A flexible tube placed inside the trachea of an anesthetized patient that is used to transfer anesthetic gases directly from the anesthetic machine into the patient's lungs, bypassing the oral and nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx |
| Asphyxiation | The act of cutting off the supply of oxygen; suffocation |
| Laryngoscope | A device used to increase visibility of the larynx while placing an endotracheal tube |
| Supraglottic Airway Devices (SAD) | A device used to maintain an open airway in an anesthetized patient that connects with the opening of the glottis and allows the anesthetist to manage the airway without invading the tracheal lumen |
| Anesthetic Masks | Cone-shaped devices used to administer oxygen and anesthetic gases to nonintubated patients via the nose and mouth |
| Anesthetic Chambers | Clear, aquarium-like boxes used to induce general anesthesia in small patients that are feral, vicious, or intractable or cannot be handled without undue stress |
| What are the four distinct systems of the anesthetic machine? | The compressed gas supply, the anesthetic vaporizer, the breathing circuit, and the scavenging system |
| Compressed Gas Supply | Supplies carrier gases (oxygen and sometimes nitrous oxide) |
| Anesthetic Vaporizer | Vaporizes liquid inhalant anesthetic and mixes it with the carrier gases |
| Breathing Circuit | Conveys the carrier gases and inhalant anesthetics to the patient and removes exhaled carbon dioxide |
| Scavenging System | Disposes of excess and waste anesthetic gases |
| Tidal Volume (VT) | The volume of a normal breath (approximately 10-15 ml/kg body weight) |
| Tank Pressure Gauge | A device attached to the yoke of a machine, or the pressure regulator of an H tank, that indicates the pressure of gas remaining in a compressed gas cylinder |
| Pressure-Reducing Valve | Reduces the pressure of the gas to a constant safe operating pressure of 40-50 psi regardless of the pressure changes within the tank |
| Line Pressure Gauge | Indicates the pressure in the intermediate-pressure gas line between the pressure-reducing valve and the flowmeters |
| Reservoir Bag/Rebreathing Bag | A rubber or plastic bag that serves as a flexible storage reservoir for expired and inspired gases; allows the anesthetist to observe respirations, confirm proper endotracheal tube placement, and ventilate for the patient |
| respiratory Minute Volume (RMV) | The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs in a minute; the tidal volume multiplied by the respiratory rate |
| Vaporizer Inlet Port | The point where oxygen and any other carrier gases enter the vaporizer from the flowmeters |
| Rebreathing System | An anesthetic machine fit with a rebreathing circuit; exhaled gases (minus CO2) are recirculated and rebreathed by the patient, along with variable amounts of fresh oxygen and anesthetic |
| Closed Rebreathing System | A rebreathing system in which the pop-off valve is kept nearly or completely closed and the flow of oxygen is relatively low, providing only the volume necessary to meet the patient's metabolic needs |
| Semiclosed Rebreathing System | A rebreathing system in which the pop-off valve is positioned partially open, and the flow of oxygen is relatively high, providing more volume than is necessary to meet the patient's metabolic needs |
| Fresh Gas Inlet | The point at which the carrier and anesthetic gases enter the breathing circuit (of a rebreathing circuit) |
| Unidirectional Valves | Control the direction of gas flow through the rebreathing circuit as the patient breathes; also called one-way valves |
| Pop-Off Valve | The point of exit of anesthetic gases from the breathing circuit; main function is to allow excess carrier and anesthetic gases to exit from the breathing circuit and enter the scavenging system; prevents buildup of excessive pressure or volume of gases |
| Pop-Off Occlusion Valve | Temporarily prevents air from escaping from the pop-off valve as long as a button is pressed |
| Pressure Manometer | Indicates the pressure of the gases within the breathing circuit, and by extension the pressure in the animals airways and lungs |
| Aire Intake Valve (Negative Pressure Relief Valve) | Admits room air to the circuit in the event that negative pressure is detected in the breathing circuit, a situation indicated by a collapsed reservoir bag; ensures that the patient always has oxygen |
| Mapleson Classification System | A system developed by W. W. Mapleson that is used to classify non-rebreathing circuits based on the position of the fresh gas inlet, the reservoir bag, and the pressure-limiting valve |
| Universal Control Arm | A device that, when attached to a Bain coaxial circuit, provides a conventional pop-off valve and manometer, increasing the ease and accuracy with which manual ventilation can be provided |
| Waste Anesthetic Gas (WAG) | Refers to anesthetic vapors that are breathed out by the patient or that escape from the anesthetic machine (like isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, and the gas anesthetic nitrous oxide) |
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) | The U.S. federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness |
| Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) | The maximum concentration of any volatile gas anesthetic (in parts per million) to which employees should be exposed as recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or other agency |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) | U.S. federal agency responsible for ensuring a safe and healthful working environment for working men and women |
| Scavenging System | A device that is attached to the breathing circuit of an anesthetic machine to capture waste anesthetic gases and discharge them outside the clinic |
| Activated Charcoal Canister | A type of passive scavenging system, consisting of a canister containing activated charcoal, designed to remove halogenate anesthetic agents from gases exiting from the pop-off or pressure-limiting valve of a breathing circuit |
| Passive Dosimeter | A device used to detect waste anesthetic gases in the breathing zone of hospital personnel; after defined exposure time (often 2-8 hours), the badge is recapped and returned for analysis - results are given as a time-weighted average in parts per million |
Created by:
KaleighMichelle
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