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NASM-CPT Ch. 10 Term
Chapter 10: Supplementation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dietary supplement | A substance used by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any described ingredient. (vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid) |
| Essential nutrient | Must be obtained in the diet, as the body is incapable of producing the nutrient on its own. |
| Toxicity | When too much of a vitamin or mineral accumulates within the body, resulting in illness or other symptoms. |
| Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 | The primary legislation of the U.S. government regulating dietary supplements. |
| Code of Federal Regulations | Describes the laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including how supplements are labeled, manufactured, and brought to or removed from market. |
| Tolerable upper limit | The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect. |
| Adverse effect | Any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement. |
| Stimulant | An agent that increases physiologic or metabolic activity. Common stimulants include caffeine and nicotine. |
| Creatine | Molecule made from amino acids and used as a dietary supplement to facilitate adenosine triphosphate regeneration for improved training capacity, strength, power, and muscle mass. |
| Banned | A dietary supplement that may be prohibited from use in a specific sport or sport league. These supplements may not be illegal or prohibited at all times during the year. |
| Anabolic steroid | Compound made from testosterone or another hormone that acts on hormone receptors to produce increases in muscle size or strength. |
| Active ingredient | Any component of a dietary supplement included for the purpose of causing a physiologic effect; displayed on the main body of the supplement facts panel. |
| Other ingredient | Any component of a dietary supplement included for taste, bulk, or as a preservative; displayed beneath the main body of the supplement facts panel. |
| Supplement facts panel | Portion of a dietary supplement’s label that displays the active ingredients, other ingredients, serving size, number of servings, quantity of ingredients, and the percent daily value. |
| Daily value (DV) | Amount of a nutrient recommended to be consumed each day to maintain good health. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet for those ages 4 years and older. |
| Health supplement | A dietary supplement used to improve a component of well-being. |
| Performance supplement | A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; may also be referred to as an ergogenic aid. |
| Vitamins | Group of organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet to support growth and metabolic processes. |
| Minerals | Inorganic, natural substances, some of which are essential in human nutrition. There are two kinds of minerals: major minerals (aka, macrominerals) and trace minerals. |
| Biologically active | The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body. |
| Biologically inactive | Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body. |
| Beta-carotene | The red-orange pigment found in vegetables and fruits that is converted to vitamin A in the body. |
| Lactose intolerance | A sensitivity to lactose (milk sugar) typically resulting in gastrointestinal distress. |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | Gastrointestinal discomfort, sometimes severe, triggered by certain foods but is not a food allergy. |
| Rickets | A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency. |
| Osteoporosis | A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture. |
| Heart arrhythmias | Irregular heartbeat. |
| Platelet aggregation | An accumulation of blood cells prior to a clot. |
| Immunodeficiency | A weakened immune system. |
| Peripheral neuropathy | Nerve damage not occurring in the brain or spinal cord. |
| Skeletal myopathy | Muscle degeneration. |
| Collagen | A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body. |
| Scurvy | A disease resulting from insufficient vitamin C and characterized by spontaneous bleeding (usually of the gums), anemia, swelling, weakened joints, and loss of teeth. |
| Beriberi | A thiamine deficiency that can result in inflammation or degeneration of the heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function. |
| Pellagra | A niacin or tryptophan deficiency that leads to a skin rash (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), and mood or cognitive decline (dementia). |
| Anorexia | A loss of appetite or the conscious decision to avoid eating, often leading to dangerously low body weight and/or malnourishment. |
| Anemia | A condition of poor iron status. |
| Dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin, rashes, excessive dryness, and/or blistering. |
| Spina bifida | A birth defect, and type of neural tube defect, when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly. |
| Amenorrheic | Absence of menstruation. |
| Osteopenia | Lower than normal bone density and a precursor to osteoporosis. |
| Lacto-ovo vegetarian | A vegetarian diet that also includes dairy and eggs. |
| Ovo-vegetarian | A vegetarian diet that also includes eggs. |
| Hypercalcemia | Excess blood calcium levels. |
| Heme | A type of iron found in animal foods. |
| Nonheme | A type of iron found in plant foods. |
| Hemochromatosis | A disease in which the body absorbs too much iron from consumed foods. |
| Omega-3 | The polyunsaturated fats, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | A type of omega-3 fatty acid found in the flesh of cold-water fish, such as tuna, mackerel, salmon, and herring. |
| Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | A type of omega-3 fatty acid that is found in seafood, such as fish and fish oils. |
| Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) | One type of omega-3 fatty acid found in seeds and oils, such as walnuts and flaxseed, and many common vegetable oils. |
| Triglycerides | The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. |
| Ergogenic aid | A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; it may also be referred to as a performance supplement. |
| Amino acids | Organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group. |
| Nonessential amino acids | Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet. |
| Essential amino acid (EAA) | Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids. |
| Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) | The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branchlike structures. |
| Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) | Process by which new muscle proteins are formed and a muscle grows or repairs at the molecular level. |
| Phosphagen | High-energy molecule that releases energy when its bonds are broken. |
| Creatine monohydrate | The most common, and likely most effective, form of creatine available as a dietary supplement. |
| Loading | Practice of using large doses of a supplement to saturate muscle tissues or other body stores prior to resorting to a lesser, maintenance dose. |
| Endogenous | Produced or synthesized within an organism. |
| Adrenaline | Hormone, also known as epinephrine, that excites bodily processes, increasing alertness and cell metabolism. |
| Caffeine anhydrous | A highly concentrated caffeine powder made from the seeds and leaves of coffee plants. |
| DMAA | Dimethylamylamine; a stimulant and amphetamine once legal for use as a dietary supplement. |
| Ephedra | A plant-sourced alkaloid with metabolism-enhancing effects. It is an illegal supplement in the United States and the European Union. |
| Serious adverse effect | Any adverse effect that results in any life-threatening situation, inpatient hospitalization, persistent incapacity of a person’s ability to conduct a normal life, a congenital anomaly, reproductive harm, or death. |
| Hormone precursor | A hormone used to create another hormone or hormone-like agent. |
| Testosterone | A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics. |
| Gynecomastia | A condition in males characterized by breast tissue growth. |
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