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NASM-CPT Ch. 6 Terms
Chapter 6: The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cardiorespiratory system | A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and airways. |
| Cardiovascular system | A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body. |
| Thoracic cavity | Chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs. |
| Mediastinum | The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g., heart, esophagus) except the lungs. |
| Cardiac muscle | Muscle of the heart. |
| Skeletal muscle | The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement. |
| Smooth muscle | An involuntary nonstriated muscle type that is found in organs. |
| Myofibrils | The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril. |
| Sarcomere | The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines. |
| Atrium (atria) | Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart. |
| Ventricle | Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body. |
| Intercalated discs | Found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells. |
| Resting heart rate (RHR) | The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest. |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat. |
| Atrioventricular (AV) node | Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles. |
| Stroke volume | The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction. |
| End-diastolic volume | The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction. |
| End-systolic volume | The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection. |
| Heart rate (HR) | The measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specified time period (usually 1 minute). |
| Bradycardia | When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute. |
| Tachycardia | When the heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute. |
| Cardiac output (Q) | The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume). |
| Blood | Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; it carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and transports waste from the body to other areas or organs for either processing (e.g., liver) or excretion (e.g., kidney). |
| Growth factors | Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury |
| Stem cells | Cells within the body that divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, blood cells, heart cells, and bone cells. |
| Blood vessels | Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body. |
| Arteries | Vessels that transport blood away from the heart. |
| Capillaries | The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues. |
| Veins | Vessels that transport blood back to the heart. |
| Arterioles | Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries. |
| Venules | Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins. |
| Vasculogenesis | The formation of new capillaries. |
| Angiogenesis | The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels. |
| Venous pooling | The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow though the veins (venous return) or backflow. |
| Blood pressure (BP) | The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; reported as systolic/ diastolic. |
| Peripheral resistance | The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow. |
| Hypertension | Consistently elevated blood pressure. |
| Respiratory system | A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. |
| Respiratory pump | Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration. |
| Inspiration | The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body. |
| Expiration | The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body. |
| Valsalva maneuver | A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability. |
| Diffusion | The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body. |
| Tachypnea | Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute. |
| Bradypnea | Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute. |
| Dyspnea | Shortness of breath or labored breathing. |
| Diaphragmatic breathing | Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area. |
| Lipolysis | The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy. |
| Enzyme | A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change. |
| Glands | Cells that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body. |
| Hormone | Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function. |
| Target (receptor) cell | Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated. |
| Hypothalamus | A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland. |
| Pineal gland | A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles. |
| Pancreas | An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices. |
| Thyroid gland | An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin. |
| Pituitary gland | An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone. |
| Adrenal gland | A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol. |
| Reproductive glands | Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions. |
| Insulin | A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism. |
| Glucagon | A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin. |
| Substrates | Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate. |
| Glycogen | Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate. |
| Growth hormone | An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development. |
| Catecholamines | Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response. |
| Catabolic | Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy. |
| Gluconeogenesis | The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats). |
| Overtraining | Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery. |
| Testosterone | A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics. |
| Anabolic | Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues. |
| Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) | Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development. |
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) | The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest. |
| Calcitonin | Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density. |
| Glucose intolerance | A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels. |
| Gall bladder | An organ found below the liver, on the right side of the body, that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum. |
| Liver | An organ in the upper-right abdominal cavity with numerous functions, including the production and secretion of bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder prior to release into the duodenum. |
| Motility | In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through. |
| Mastication | The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food. |
| Peristalsis | The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion. |
| Digestion | Multistep process that describes the passage of food through the body. |
| Absorption | The process of nutrients being absorbed into the body during the digestive process. |
| Esophagus | The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach. |
| Ingestion | The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion. |
| Chyme | A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine. |
| Duodenum | Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum. |
| Jejunum | Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum. |
| Ileum | The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine. |
| Normal sinus rhythm | The electrical conduction system of the heart stimulates the myocardial (heart) cells to contract in a regular rhythmic pattern |
| Venules | Blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries. Capillaries merge to form venules, which progressively merge to form the larger veins. |
| Intrapulmonary pressure | Air pressure within the thoracic cavity |
| Bones of the respiratory pump | Sternum (breastbone), ribs, vertebrae (spine) |
| Inspiration muscles of the respiratory pump | Diaphragm, external intercostals (muscles between individual ribs), scalenes (side of neck muscles), sternocleidomastoid (front of neck muscles), pectoralis minor (smaller chest muscle) |
| Expiration muscles of the respiratory pump | Internal intercostals (muscles between individual ribs), abdominals |
| Oxygen uptake | The use of oxygen by the body. (i.e. Oxygen consumption) |
| Kyphosis | A a slouched spinal posture. A curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray |
| Esophageal sphincter | Constricts to prevent food from the stomach from re-entering the esophagus |
| Transit time | The time it takes for food to pass from the stomach to the rectum. |
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