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Nutrition Final
Nutrition for Veterinary Tech
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Macronutrients can be used by the body to produce energy. They include all of the following except | vitamins |
| The nutrient used by the body to build tissues, hormones, and enzymes is | proteins |
| ___________________must be consumed regularly because it cannot be stored in the body if in excess. | Protein |
| Cholesterol is formed in the body from which essential nutrient? | lipids |
| Which of the following cannot be synthesized in the bodies of dogs or cats? | essential fatty acids |
| Which hormones help in regulating blood glucose levels? | insulin and glucagon |
| Excess glucose is stored in the liver and muscle tissue as _________, which can be quickly metabolized when needed or converted to fat for long-term storage. | glycogen |
| Some types of fiber are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. These are called | soluble fiber |
| Vitamins which can accumulate to toxic levels in the body include all except | B-vitamin |
| An animal that stops eating will become deficient in _________ vitamins much sooner than the alternative group. | water soluble |
| Minerals are classified as macrominerals vs. microminerals based on | the amount required in the diet |
| All of the potential energy available in a food or diet is known as ______________ energy. | gross |
| To determine the amount of energy present in pet food, the Atwater factors have to be | modified since pet food is less digestible than human food. |
| The amino acid Taurine is important to consider when reviewing a pets diet because | it is required in the diet of cats but not dogs |
| Dogs and cats do not have the same fat metabolism or tendency to get atherosclerosis as people, so there is no risk associated with feeding them ___________ (animal origin) fats. | saturated |
| It is important that cats be fed foods with animal proteins since ________ is essential for cats. | arachidonic acid |
| A condition called pansteatitis (“yellow fat disease”) in animals results from | excess dietary fat and deficient antioxidants |
| The primary function of ________ is to supply energy. | carbohydrates |
| ____________________can be measured in international units (IU) or retinol equivalents (RE). | Vitamins |
| Vitamin D is a necessary vitamin in the diet of _______________________ because they cannot use sunlight to convert the provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) found in the skin to the active form. | dogs and cats |
| Vitamin _________ has antioxidant activity which makes it useful as a preservative in pet foods. | E |
| Deficiency of _________ results in anemia (microcytic hypochromic), weakness, and poor growth; excess amounts can be toxic and may cause gastrointestinal signs and death. | iron |
| Are vitamins organic or inorganic? | organic |
| When discussing energy in rations, capitalization is important. Which of the following contains the most energy: a kilocalorie or a Calorie? | they are equivalent |
| This term describes the number of kilocalories that are contained per unit of food. | energy density |
| Unlike most other pets, which of the following requires a dietary source of vitamin C? | Guinea pigs |
| The fat-soluble vitamins are | A, D, E, and K |
| Cats, in general, have higher protein requirements than dogs. True or False | True |
| Cobalamin is a type of | Vitamin |
| Taurine is obtained from consuming | protein |
| Carbohydrates in the diet: | Are broken down into glucose in the intestinal tract and Are stored in liver and muscle as glycogen |
| Glucose is obtained by consuming | carbohydrates |
| The nutrients that supply energy to an animal include | proteins, carbohydrates, and fats |
| Protein is the most important nutrient for animals. True or False | False |
| Which dietary component is least digestible? | Cellulose |
| An animal that is consuming much more feed than it requires for maintenance is likely to have a body condition score of | 9 |
| Calcium is obtained by consuming | minerals |
| A deficiency of water intake or excess loss of water can lead to _______. | dehydration |
| The most important nutrient is ________. | water |
| Nitrogen is obtained by consuming _________. | protein |
| The "ash" reported in food is reflective of _________. | the mineral content of the food |
| Which mineral is restricted in kidney diets? | phosphorus |
| The most commonly used estimate for the amount of energy available in pet food is _______. | metabolizable energy |
| The resting energy requirement for a 44 pound dog is _____ kcal/day. | 670 |
| The modified Atwater factor for protein is ____. | 3.5 |
| When assessing an animal for malnutrition it is best to ________. | use the body condition scoring system |
| The metabolizable energy of a food is calculated by taking the gross energy of the food minus energy lost in ______. | feces, urine, and respiration |
| The Gross Energy (GE) of a food is determined by ______. | bomb calorimetry |
| The modified Atwater factor for fat is ____. | 8.5 |
| The energy required for a normal animal in a fasting state in a thermo neutral environment, awake but resting, is the: | basal energy requirement |
| A calorie is a very small unit that is not of practical use in the science of animal nutrition. The commonly used unit of measure is the kilocalorie (kcal). One kcal is equal to how many calories? | 1000 |
| Rickets is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin? | Vitamin D |
| Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in the food. Well-balanced pet foods are formulated to provide the necessary supplementation. What is the one vitamin that can be synthesized from glucose by dogs and cats? | Vitamin C |
| Which of the following vitamins is a form of Vitamin D? | Ergocalciferol |
| Deficiencies in iron may result in anemia. Which of these minerals may also cause anemia if it is deficient in a dog's or cat's diet? | Copper |
| Which of the following minerals is a micromineral? | Zinc |
| Which of the following is a postpartum complication caused by hypocalcemia? | Eclampsia |
| Potassium deficiency results in: | Neurologic disease |
| The difference between the amount of a nutrient consumed and the amount absorbed by the body is described as: | digestibility |
| Fats are composed of triglycerides, which include: | Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol chain |
| What amino acid does a cat require in its diet to avoid dilated cardiomyopathy? | Taurine |
| The standard measurement for energy that is also referred to as "calories" to an animal owner. | kcal |
| Energy (kcal) available from pet foods for the animal to use for normal body functions, such as digestion. | ME |
| Used to estimate how much to feed an overweight dog or cat or a hospitalized patient. | RER |
| Used to estimate how much to feed a healthy, active dog or cat. This measurement may be altered by level of activity or reproductive status of the animal. | MER |
| The energy available to an animal after some energy from the diet is lost in the feces. | DE |
| The energy from a diet available after digestion and absorption of nutrients. | NE |
| Energy burned for normal body functions and increased energy demands, such as exercise. | EE |
| An assessment to assist in monitoring adequacies of daily food intake. | BCS |
| The energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram (g) of water from 14.5 degrees C to 15.5 degrees C. | calorie |
| Something essential that a plant or animal obtains from the environment for growth and maintenance of life. | nutrient |
| The kcal per unit of a food ingredient or pet food. | energy density |
| The small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. | amino acids |
| An estimated daily energy requirement for a healthy animal with daily activity and exercise. | metabolizable energy requirement |
| The estimated energy (caloric) content assigned to the three macronutrients. | Atwater factors |
| A widely used estimate of energy expenditure by a normal animal at rest. | resting energy requirement |
| A component of triglycerides that may be synthesized by the body or required in the diet of an animal. | fatty acid |
| Result of subtracting the energy lost in urine and gases produced by the body from the digestible energy (DE) of a food or diet. | metabolizable energy |
| Molecules that provide and store energy, make up cell membrane structure; and act as signaling agents and hormones. | lipid |
| A measure of energy defined as the energy needed to move a 1 kilgram weight 1 meter by 1 Newton | kilojoule |
| A bitch's food caloric needs are highest: | during the 4th week of lactation |
| A key nutritional component to managing the inflammation seen in FIC is: | Adding omega-3 fatty acids to the diet |
| A paraneoplastic syndrome manifested by weight loss and a decrease in body condition, despite adequate nutritional intake, is known as: | cancer cachexia |
| AAFCO feeding trials are used to evaluate pet foods in all of the following life stages, except: | senior |
| According to AAFCO rules, a pet food indicating "beef" on the label must have how much beef in the food? | 70% |
| Adverse reaction to food is an abnormal response to which of the following? | ingested food |
| As a dog or cat transitions from immature to mature, the recommended diet change is for the: | decrease in fat and increase in fiber |
| Cats that act hungry and tend to overeat should be: | meal fed twice a day |
| Clients like to offer treats to their pets. How many treats can safely be given each day? | Not more than 10% of the pet's diet in treats |
| Colostrum ingestion terminates _____ post birth. | 24 hours |
| Consumption of colostrum after being born is important to a neonate’s health, because: | Passive acquirement of immunoglobulins strengthens the immune system |
| Corticosteroids are used for which of the following? | increasing appetite |
| Current recommendations for feeding critically ill patients are to begin feeding equal to the patient's estimated: | Resting Energy Requirement |
| Enteral feeding tubes of all types should be flushed: | before and after use |
| Feeding dog food to a cat is _______ advised. | never |
| Puppies, kittens, and nursing mothers require: | Higher levels of protein in their diet than adult maintenance requirements |
| Protein malnutrition in patients with hepatic disease manifests clinically as: | Weight loss, muscle atrophy, and hypoalbuminemia |
| Pet foods that use food ingredients that have not been exposed to insecticides, pesticides, or medications such as antibiotics or growth promotants, are known as: | organic |
| Pet food recipes found in books and on the Internet are almost always: | incomplete and unbalanced |
| Patients with pancreatitis or hyperlipidemia should avoid foods that are: | high in fats |
| Patients suffering with short-bowel syndrome (SBS) should be fed the following type of diet in the long term: | low fat, highly digestible diets |
| Nutrients given in excess of the patient's needs ______ in a critically ill patient, as they would in a healthy patient. | will not be used |
| Most veterinary therapeutic diets fall into this category, which should be prescribed and monitored by animal health professionals: | specific purpose |
| Kittens are generally fed a growth formula food until they are approximately how old? | 10-12 months |
| Key nutritional factors in the management of skin disorders include: | Proteins, essential fatty acids, copper, and zinc |
| Key nutritional factors in animals with cancer include which of the following? | Soluble carbohydrate, protein, and omega-3 fatty acids |
| In general, how many days should be allowed for diet changes in dogs and cats? | 5 to 7 days |
| In cats, hepatic lipidosis often occurs as a result of which of the following? | anorexia and weight loss |
| If the client wants to feed a preservative-free food to a pet, which food should you recommend? | canned food |
| If "fish flavor" is stated on the pet food label, how much fish must be in the food? | an amount that is detectable by the pet |
| How soon should a kitten receive colostrum to obtain passive immunity? | 16 hours |
| Halitosis is an indication of a problem with which of the following body systems? | digestive |
| Foods effective in the management of an adverse food reaction include: | novel protein diets |
| Semimoist food is not recommended for an animal that is: | diabetic |
| The FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) regulates pet foods in cooperation with the individual states. What are the responsibilities of the FDA? | Establishing certain animal food-labeling regulations, Specifying certain permitted ingredients such as drugs and additives, Enforcing regulations about chemical and microbiologic contamination |
| The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates pet food labels, and labels are required to contain the name of the product. Using chicken as an example, a label that includes "Chicken Dinner" in the product name must contain: | at least 10% chicken |
| The gastrointestinal tracts of newborn puppies and kittens are uniquely suited to digest and absorb the milk produced by their mothers. The primary sources of energy in this milk is: | Fat and lactose |
| The list of ingredients appear on a pet food label in order of: | weight |
| The metabolic alterations that occur after nutritional support is started in a severely malnourished, underweight, and/or starved patient is known as: | refeeding syndrome |
| The most common error in feeding growing puppies is providing: | too much food |
| The most common form of malnutrition in hospitalized animals is ______ because of the reluctance or inability to eat voluntarily. | lack of energy and protein intake |
| The overingestion of fats may contribute to: | pancreatitis |
| What does the guaranteed analysis on the pet food label mean? | It is a combination of maximum and minimum nutrient and moisture levels in the food |
| What percentage in excess of the optimal weight for their breed classifies dogs and cats as obese | ≥ 20% |
| Which of the following is optional (not required) on the information panel of all pet foods? | freshness date |
| Which of the following is most beneficial in preventing gastrointestinal ulceration? | enteral feeding |
| Which of the following is considered to be the most commonly detected electrolyte disturbance when providing nutritional support to a patient suffering from refeeding syndrome? | hypokalemia |
| Which of the following is an acceptable method of making food more palatable to the pet? | warming the food |
| Which of the following is a postpartum complication caused by hypocalcemia? | eclampsia |
| Which of the following has the least influence on the acceptability of food to dogs and cats? | color |
| Which of the following factors is most important in the nutritional management of inflammatory skin disorders? | Assessment of current foods being fed and identification of an appropriate feeding plan |
| Which of the following diets is intended to be dispensed under the supervision of veterinarians in the context of a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR)? | veterinary therapeutic |
| Which of the following agencies regulates pet food labels and research facilities? | USDA - Dept of Agriculture |
| Which of the following agencies has no regulatory authority regarding pet food, however is made up of government employees? | AAFCO |
| Which nutrient is the most important for patients with acute or chronic vomiting? | water |
| Which government agency is responsible for inspecting the ingredients used in pet food? | USDA |
| When feeding the patient through a gastrostomy tube, the technician should: | flush the tube with water |
| When a female dog is bred, the amount of food (calories) she is fed should be increased: | 5 or 6 weeks after breeding |
| Which of the following agencies is responsible for approving new pet food ingredients? | FDA |
| Which type of feeding is the most physiologic and often the safest route? | oral |
| Which type of nutrition is defined as providing nutrients intravenously? | parenteral |
| A nasoesophageal feeding tube placement uses the landmark of “from the tip of the nose to the | 8th-9th rib |
| A pet’s diet should be changed | only when necessary and after careful consideration of nutritional requirements. |
| An animal that is consuming much more feed than it requires for maintenance is likely to have a body condition score of ___ / 9. | 9 |
| For enteral nutrition, stomach volume is approximately _______ body weight. | 20 mL/kg |
| For enteral nutrition, the daily water requirement is _______ body weight. | 12 mL/kg |
| f a patient is to receive 1,200 kcal/day and is fed BID, what is the milliliter diet/feeding for a 1.0 kcal/mL diet? | 600 |
| How long should you wait to feed an animal after placing a G-tube in them? | 12 hours |
| At what age can puppies be introduced to semisolid gruel? | 3 to 4 weeks |
| ______ is the minimum recommended time of use for Parenteral Nutrition | 3 days |
| Pet food labels list ingredients by: | descending order by weight |
| Clinical nutrition is a nutritional planning and implementation for dogs and cats that fall into "healthy" categories. True or False | False |
| Overfeeding is the most common form of malnutrition. True or False | True |
| Sled dogs require higher fat levels in their diet. True or False | True |
| If a bag of food has been through a clinic trial it can claim to cure a disease. True or False | False |
| "New" or "improved" can only be listed on a bag for 6 months. True or False | True |
| When it comes to pet food marketing, holistic _______ | has not meaning at all |
| What is the stomach volume? | 20 mL/kg body weight |
| Sick, injured and hospitalized patients should undergo nutritional assessment daily. True or False | True |
| Assisted feeding programs are for healthy patients. True or False | False |
| A food trial is choosing a novel protein and only feeding that protein for ___ weeks minimum. | 8 |
| Which of the following could you use to administer a slurry? | G tube |
| A safe weight loss rate per week is ____. | 1-2% |
| According to AAFCO, "meat" can include which of the following? | Heart |
| A client comes in with their dog that is clearly overweight. When you talk to them about feeding, which feeding style do you recommend to help lose weight? | Meal Feeding |
| An equal loss of fat and muscle due to neoplasia is known as ____. | cancer cachexia |
| Most skin allergies due to food sources are caused by ______. | glycoprotein |
| Colostrum has lower milk sugar (lactose) level than milk and more minerals. True or False | True |
| Peripheral parenteral nutrition can only meet 50%-70% of the RER. True or False | True |
| Most food allergens are thought to be glycolipids. True or False | False |
| All hospitalized patients have the same nutritional needs. True or False | False |
| Gastrostomy tubes (G-tubes) can be used for over a year. True or False | True |
| The level of nutrients needed to sustain body weight without gain or loss. | Maintenance Nutrient Requirement (MNRs) |
| The number of grams of body weight gain per unit of protein consumed. | Protein efficiency ration |
| A general measure of the nutritive value of a feed. | total digestible nutrients (TDNs) |
| Sometimes large animals need more nutrients than is provided by grazing alone so concentrates can be fed. Which of the following food items is an example of a concentrate? | Corn |
| Fat has _____ times more energy per gram than protein or carbohydrates. | 2.25 |
| Ruminants have the ability to break down fiber content to be used as energy, and this allows them to ultilize feed that other animals cannot use. True or False | True |
| Lactating dairy cattle cannot consume enough forage to meet their nutritional requirements and thus are supplemented with concentrated feeds. True or False | True |
| It is important to restrict protein during lactation so that the milk produced is not too protein concentrated. True or False | False |
| The calf benefits the most from colostrum within the first 24 hours of life. True or False | True |
| Colostrum should not be frozen, as this causes it to lose all efficacy. True or False | False |
| Finishing cattle are fed high-fiber diets to increase weight gain and improve the carcass characteristics. True or False | False |
| Young cattle require a higher percentage of protein than older cattle. True or False | True |
| A veterinarian's prescription is required to use feed additives off label in cattle. True or False | False |
| What factor most determines the productivity of lactating dairy cattle? | Feeding |
| Feeding represents almost ______ of the cost of beef production. | 75% |
| A finished steer will be ____ year(s) old and weigh more than ______ pounds. | 1 to 2; 1000 |
| How many upper incisors do cattle have? | 0 |
| The order of passage of foodstuffs through the ruminant stomach is | Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum |
| Calcium deficiencies can occur in cattle with high grain diets. This can be corrected by adding what to the diet? | Limestone |
| Some fat soluble vitamins need to be supplemented in a cow's diet except one that can be synthesized in the body. Which one does NOT need to be supplemented? | Vitamin K |
| Which of the following is considered a low grade roughage material? | Straw |
| Horses should not have access to salt, as an overdose can lead to toxicity. True or False | False |
| Protein should be restricted in lactating mares or the foal will grow too quickly. True or False | False |
| Growing horses should not be fed above energy requirements, as this increases the risk of developmental orthopedic disease. True or False | True |
| Considering the size of the average horse, they should be fed several large meals throughout the day. True or False | False |
| Horse feed comes in multiple varieties to match the life stage or performance level of your horse. True or False | True |
| Dehydration is estimated in the horse on the basis of PCV/TS and clinical signs. True or False | True |
| After exercise a horse's water should be restricted to help prevent excess intake which can lead to colic. True or False | False |
| Fixed formula feeds will be more consistent in their nutrient profile from bag to bag. True or False | True |
| Which nutrient is the most important in a horse's diet? | Water |
| Using a 9 point system, the body score of a mare at breeding should be | 5 to 6 |
| What is the feeding strategy that allows the foal to eat without allowing the mare to get to the food? | Creep Feeding |
| Carbohydrates supply ______ % of the horse's diet. | 80-90 |
| Fiber is an important element to the horse's diet. Additional fiber can be added to the diet by adding _________. | Beet pulp |
| Which of the following is a concern when feeding alfalfa? | striped blister beetle |
| Birds will thrive on an all seed diet. True or False | False |
| A cuttlebone can be provided to birds as a calcium supplement. True or False | True |
| Calcium powder should be used for iguanas on a weekly basis. True or False | False |
| Which of the following vitamins is considered essential for guinea pigs? | Vitamin C |
| Due to the high fat content, the following food item should be fed only as a treat to most bird species. | Seeds |
| We all know that water is important for all animal species. In birds specifically it is important for what metabolic function? | Thermoregulation |
| If a client insists on feeding a feline diet to a ferret, which formula would be the most appropriate? | dry kitten |
| It is not the alfalfa, hay, corn, or oats that are used by cells, but the amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. True or False | True |
| What is the primary energy source used in livestock rations? | Carbohydrates |
| What two measures of feed energy value are used most widely in equine nutrition? | DE and TDN |
| What measure of feed energy value is used most widely in beef, dairy, and sheep nutrition? | NE |
| What measure of feed energy value is used in swine and poultry nutrition? | ME |
| Carbohydrates constitute which percentage of energy on a dry-matter basis for forage and grain? | 50% to 80% |
| Rams are the foundation of sheep production. True or False | False |
| In sheep, forage must be supplemented with grain during their entire pregnancy. True or False | False |
| A lactating sow should be fed 4 to 5 lb of the base ration plus 1 additional pound for every pig she is nursing. True or False | True |
| When feeding swine, the producer should be more concerned about the amino acid levels of the feed than about the protein content. True or False | True |
| Sheep are more susceptible to toxicity from this mineral than other species. | Copper |
| Pregnant sheep need increased nutrition during the last ________ weeks of pregnancy. | 6-8 |
| The most important amino acid for wool production is __________. | Methionine |
| Dehydration in camelids can lead to what other medical condition? | hyperthermia |
| Sow's milk is devoid of what mineral that needs to be given to piglets to avoid anemia? | iron |
| What mineral is especially important for laying hens? | calcium |
| What is the importance of the gizzard in poultry digestion? | grinding of grains |
| What is one of the most common conditions in horses that can be prevented by good nutritional practices? | colic |
| As much as ______ of health-related disease in large animals can be related to improper nutrition. | 90% |
| Which of the following represents the feeding cost as a percentage of the total cost of raising beef cattle? | 75% |
| Both __________ and _________ are susceptible to contamination with ergot, which can lead to necrosis of the lower limbs. | rye, barley |
| Carbohydrates in animal feed are commonly categorized as roughage or as concentrates. Concentrates include | grains |
| Carbohydrates must be broken down into _________________ before they can be absorbed in the intestine. | simple sugars |
| Excessively rapid IV administration of ___________ can cause central nervous system dysfunction, such as severe depression and possible coma. | sodium bicarbonate |
| If cows are allowed to consume all the forage they want, they will | not have sufficient rumen capacity to consume enough concentrate to meet the energy requirements for lactation. |
| Microbial digestion occurs in the ________, whereas digestion by hydrochloric acid and enzymes occurs in the ________. | rumen, abomasum |
| Nonprotein nitrogen supplied as ________ can be an effective feedstuff to supply protein equivalents in dairy rations. | urea |
| Rumen microbes improve the quality of | poor quality feeds |
| Which amino acid is usually considered “limiting” in a pig’s diet? | Lysine |
| What is the component that is implicated in lambing paralysis in an ewe? | carbohydrates |
| To reduce the risk of spreading transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, cattle cannot be fed protein supplements | Derived from mammalian sources |
| The most widely used feeding standards in the United States are those published by the | NRC |
| The cecum has little function in most animals except | horses |
| The average horse stomach can hold how many gallons? | 2-4 |
| icrobial fermentation in the horse occurs in the __________. | cecum and large intestine |
| It's getting hot outside. What method of water loss is important to remember in the horse that we don't worry about in small animals? | sweat |
| Acid detergent fiber testing is a great way to evaluate hay quality. What does a lower ADF value reflect? | higher energy value and digestibility |
| Straw is a roughage with low nutritional value. Which of the following animals is best at digesting and extracting nutrients from it. | sheep |
| Colostrum is important for providing ___________ to newborn lambs, calves and foals, and will be most effective if consumed within ___ hour(s) after birth. | immunoglobulins; 1 |
| Feeding good quality hay and grain surpasses all supplements. True or False | True |
| The deficiency of which mineral is commonly seen in white muscle disease? | Selenium |
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Smgregory235
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