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Clinical Pathology 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Personal protective equipment is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection |
| Engineering Controls | Focuses on changing the work environment to eliminate/minimize exposure (like using a fume hood when handling hazardous chemicals) |
| Administrative Controls | Involves the creation of specific protocols to minimize exposure (includes protocols found in a Chemical Hygiene Plan) |
| Procedural Controls | Involve the development of policies that modify worker behavior |
| Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) | A document that lists information relating to occupational safety and health for the use of various substances and products |
| Bloodborne Pathogens | Infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans. Include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). |
| Biohazards | Biological substances (used needles, infectious samples) that pose a threat to human health as well as animals |
| Microhematocrit Tubes | Primarily used to evaluate packed cell volume |
| Conical Tubes | Has a narrow base and are most often used to centrifuge substances that contain solid material within the solution (like urine) |
| Supernatant | The liquid component present in a sample |
| Refractometer | Used to measure the refractive index of a solution |
| Pipette | A slender tube attached to or incorporating a bulb, for transferring or measuring out small quantities of liquid, especially in a laboratory |
| Transfer Pipettes | Used when critical volume measurements are not needed |
| Graduated Pipettes | May contain a single volume designation or have multiple graduations |
| Volumetric Pipettes | Pipettes with single graduations; the most accurate of the measuring pipettes |
| Incubator | Provides a controlled, contaminant-free environment for safe, reliable work with cell and tissue cultures by regulating conditions such as temperature, humidity, and CO2 |
| Ocular Lens System (Microscope) | Lenses are located in the eyepieces and usually have a magnification of 10x |
| Objective Lense System (Microscope) | Lenses are closest to the specimen and they all have different magnification powers (4x, 10x, 40x, 50x, 100x; 4x and 50x are only found on some microscopes) |
| Total Magnification (Microscope) | Multiply the ocular power by the objective power |
| Condenser (Microscope) | Raising or lowering the condenser helps focus the light |
| Resolution | Refers to the degree of detail visible in the images and the clarity of the image; measured in pixels |
| Quality Assurance | Refers to the procedures established to ensure that clinical testing is performed in compliance with accepted standards and that the processes and results are properly documented |
| Accuracy | Refers to how closely results agree with the true quantitative value of the constituent |
| Precision | The magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements |
| Reliability | The ability of a method to be accurate and precise |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) | A set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit |
| Polycythemia | An increase in the number of circulating red blood cells |
| Anemia | Refers to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, usually as a result of decreased numbers of red blood cells |
| Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) | Functions as an index of erythrocyte volume heterogeneity (abnormally high values indicate increased volume heterogeneity and an underlying disturbance of the erythron) |
| Hemocytometer | A counting chamber used to determine the number of cells per microliter of blood |
| Spectrophotometers | Designed to measure the amount of light transmitted through a solution |
| Colorimeter | The type of photometer that uses a filter to select the wavelength |
| Reflectometer | The type of photometer that detects light that is reflected off of a test substance rather than transmitted light; the tests for this type are called reflectance assays |
| End Point Assays | Refers to the reaction that occurs between the sample and the reagent and how it reaches a stable end |
| International Unit | The amount of enzyme that, under given assay conditions, will catalyze the conversion of 1 micromole of substrate per minute |
| Nephron | Responsible for the function of the kidneys; contains the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubule |
| Glomerulus | A tuft of capillaries between the arterioles that enter and leave the renal corpuscle |
| Renal Threshold | Refers to the maximum absorptive capabilities of the nephron for specific substances (like water or glucose) |
| Oliguria | The decreased production of urine |
| Polyuria | The increased production of urine |
| Anuria | The absence of urine |
| Voided/Free-Catch Urine Samples | Collected as the animal urinates; easiest sample to obtain |
| Bladder Expression | Manual compression of the bladder to obtain a urine sample |
| Tom Cat Catheter | A polypropylene catheter used to obtain urine samples from male cats |
| Pollakiuria | Frequent urination |
| Polydipsia | An increase in water consumption; excessively thirsty |
| Urochromes | Pigments in normal urine that causes it to range from light yellow to amber |
| Hematuria | The presence of blood in the urine |
| Hemoglobinuria | The presence of hemoglobin in the urine; hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body |
| Myoglobinuria | The presence of myoglobin in the urine; myoglobin carries oxygen in muscle cells and is closely related to hemoglobin |
| Specific Gravity | The weight (density) of a quantity of liquid as compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water |
| Hypersthenuria | Increased urine specific gravity |
| Hyposthenuria | Decreased urine specific gravity |
| Isosthenuria | Inability of the kidneys to produce either a concentrated or a dilute urine; refers to a state in chronic renal disease in which the kidney cannot form urine with a higher or a lower specific gravity (concentration) than that of protein-free plasma |
| pH | A measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity |
| What does a pH of more than 7 mean? | A pH of more than 7 is alkaline, or basic (includes sea water, baking soda, soapy water) |
| What does a pH of less than 7 mean? | A pH of less than 7 is acidic (includes soda, lemon juice, battery acid) |
| Glucosuria | Glucose in the urine |
| Microalbuminuria | The presence of albumin in urine that is not detected by the reagent strip method |
| Bence Jones Proteins | Light chain proteins that can pass through the glomerulus |
| Proteinuria | The presence of protein in urine |
| Ketonuria | The presence of ketones in the urine; occurs when fatty acid metabolism is not accompanied by sufficient carbohydrate metabolism |
| Bilirubinuria | The presence of bilirubin in urine; only conjugated bilirubin is found |
| Hyaline Casts | Casts are clusters of urinary sediment elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, fat bodies, etc.) wrapped in a protein matrix. Hyaline casts are the only casts that should be observed in normal urine and are not of particular clinical interest |
| Calcium Carbonate Crystals | Crystals often found in the urine of horses and rabbits; they are colorless to yellow-brown and can impart a brownish tinge to the urine, when they occur in high numbers |
| Renal Epithelial Cells | The single layer of cells lining the nephron; includes cells lining the glomerulus, the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and the collecting ducts. |
| Pyuria | Excessive white blood cells in the urine |
| Crystalluria | The presence of crystals in the urine |
| Uroliths | Calculi (stones) composed of various minerals that are found in the urinary tract; their occurrence is known as urolithiasis |
| Microbes | Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye; includes bacteria, fungi, and viruses |
| Obligate Aerobes | Bacteria that require oxygen to survive |
| Obligate Anaerobes | Bacteria that are killed in the presence of oxygen or those with growth that is inhibited in the presence of oxygen |
| Facultative Anaerobes | Organisms that can survive in the absence of oxygen, but their growth is limited |
| Fastidious Microbes | Bacteria with strict nutritional requirements |
| Inoculating loops | A simple tool used mainly by microbiologists to pick up and transfer a small sample from a culture of microorganisms, e.g. for streaking on a culture plate |
| Culture Medium (pl. media) | Any material, solid or liquid, that can support the growth of microorganisms |
| Agar | A solidifying agent used in the preparation of solid media; a dried extract of sea algae known as agarophytes |
| General Purpose Media | Not commonly found in veterinary practices; also known as nutrient media |
| Enriched Media | Formulated to meet the requirements of the most fastidious pathogens; basic nutrient media with extra nutrients added (like blood, serum, and eggs) |
| Selective Media | Contain antibacterial substances (like bile salts and antimicrobials) that inhibit or kill all but a few types of bacteria; facilitates the isolation of a particular genus from a mixed inoculation; includes MacConkey agar |
| Differential Media | Allows bacteria to be differentiated into groups based on their biochemical reactions on the medium |
| Enrichment Media | Liquid media that favor the growth of a particular group of organisms; contains nutrients that encourage the growth of the desired organisms or that contain inhibitory substances that suppress competitors |
| Transport Media | Designed to keep microbes alive while not encouraging growth and reproduction |
| What are the 4 types of hemolysis that can be detected in blood agar? | Alpha-hemolysis, Beta-hemolysis, Gamma-hemolysis, and Delta-hemolysis |
| Alpha-hemolysis | Partial hemolysis that creates a narrow band of greenish or slimy discoloration around that bacterial colony |
| Beta-hemolysis | Complete hemolysis that creates a clear zone around the bacterial colony |
| Gamma-hemolysis | Hemolysis that produces no change in the appearance of the medium and no hemolysis around colonies |
| Delta-hemolysis | A zone of hemolysis surrounded by a narrow zone of hemolysis around a bacterial colony; also called double-zone hemolysis |
| Thioglycollate | A liquid medium that is used to culture anaerobic bacteria to determine the oxygen tolerance of microbes |
| Mueller-Hinton Agar | A general-purpose medium that is primarily used for the performance of the agar diffusion antimicrobial sensitivity test |
| Enterotubes | One type of commercially available microbiology test kit that incorporates multiple types of media |
| What are some methods used for sample collection? | The most common methods are aspiration and swabbing; imprints of tissues or external lesions can also provide suitable samples |
| What are simple stains usually used for? | Yeasts |
| What is lactophenol cotton blue stains used for? | Used to confirm the identity of fungal organisms |
| Gram Stain | Used to categorize bacteria as gram positive or gram negative on the basis of cell wall structure |
| Ziehl-Neelsen Stain | Primarily used to detect the acid-fast organisms of mycobacterium and myocardia species; acid-fast organisms will appear red while non-acid-fast organisms stain blue |
| Giemsa Stain | Used to detect spirochetes and rickettsiae as well as to demonstrate the capsule of Bacillus anthracis and the morphology of Dermatophilus congolensis |
| Flagella Stains | Used to detect and characterize bacterial motility (usually expensive for smaller practices) |
| Capsule Stains | Used to detect pathogenic bacteria (often requires the use of bright-field phase contrast microscopy) |
| Endospore Stains | Detect the presence, location, and shape of spores, and they can aid in the differentiation of bacteria |
| What is the preferred method for streaking an agar plate? | The quadrant streaking method |
| What is a candle jar used for? | Used for pathogens that require carbon dioxide for growth in cultures; a lit candle is placed on top of the plates inside a large jar and the jar is sealed, the flame dies and leaves a decreased amount of oxygen and an increased amount of carbon dioxide |
| California Mastitis Test (CMT) | A qualitative screening test that can be used as a "cow-side" test; provides an indirect measure of cell count |
| Tzanck Preparation | A type of imprint collection that can be used on external lesions |
| Centesis | Refers to the introduction of a needle into any body cavity or organ for the purpose of removing fluid |
| Abdominocentesis/Paracentesis | The collection of fluid from the peritoneal cavity |
| Thoracocentesis | The collection of fluid from the thoracic cavity |
| Arthrocentesis | The collection of fluid from within the joints |
| Fixative | A medium such as a solution or spray that preserves specimens of tissues or cells |
| How is inflammation categorized? | Categorized as suppurative (purulent), granulomatous, pyogranulomatous, or eosinophilic |
| Suppurative (Purulent) Inflammation | Characterized by the presence of large numbers of neutrophils that usually make up more than 85% of the total nucleated cell count |
| Granulomatous/Pyogranulomatous Inflammation | Indicated when a significant number of macrophages are present (more than 15% of total count); seen with fungal and parasitic infections |
| Eosinophilic Inflammation | Indicated when the presence of more than 10% of eosinophils in addition to increased numbers of neutrophils are present; seen with parasitic infections and some neoplastic disorders |
| What are the primary types of tumors that are encountered in veterinary medicine? | Epithelial cell tumors, mesenchymal (spindle cell) tumors, and discrete round cell tumors |
| Exudates | Fluids with increased cellularity and protein concentration as a result of inflammation |
| Transudates | Typically have low protein concentrations and low TNCCs with fairly normal differential counts or possibly an increase in the percentage of large mononuclear cells |
| Modified Transudates | Characterized by relatively low to moderate TNCCs, predominantly as a result of the leakage of lymphatics (the leakage is responsible for high total protein concentrations) |
| Lymphoma | Cancer of the lymph nodes |
| Reactive Lymph Nodes | Lymph nodes that respond to antigenic stimulation and also contain predominantly small, mature lymphocytes |
| Synovial Fluid | Fluid found in the joints |
| Cornify | Conversion into horn or a horny or keratinous substance or tissue |
| Microaerophilic | Bacteria that grows best at low oxygen levels |
| Capnophilic | Bacteria that requires carbon dioxide for growth; can be aerobic or anaerobic |
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KaleighMichelle
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