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Vet Nutrition II
Lecture Review Questions: Equine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is nutrition important? Describe four reasons. | Nutrition management is good medicine. It prolongs and improves quality of life for pet. Increases client satisfaction. Technician is integral to nutritional education of client. Technician is integral to nursing care of pet. |
| What are four functions of nutrition? | Body development and maintenance. Energy provision. Disease prevention. Disease recovery. |
| Nutrients Defined True or false: "essential" means indispensable. The body cannot synthesize. | True |
| Nutrients Defined True or false: "conditionally essential" means required. During certain physiologic or pathologic conditions. | True |
| Nutrients Defined Define "Non-essential." | Dispensable. The body can synthesize. |
| ___ is inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients, which may cause illness or even death. | Malnutrition. Insufficient calories causing weight loss, insufficient vitamins and minerals may cause specific abnormality of skin, immune system, or organ function. Excess in vitamins or minerals may cause toxicity. Excess calories causes obesity. |
| What are the six basic nutrients? | Minerals. Vitamins. Carbohydrates. Protein. Fat. Water. |
| What are the three energy producing nutrients? | Carbohydrates, protein, and fat. |
| Nutrients: Carbohydrates Describe four functions of this basic nutrient. | Energy source: required in pregnancy, lactation, growth, and disease. Provides form (dry & canned). Increases food volume. Reduces cost. |
| Nutrients: Carbohydrates True of false: these are conditionally required in dogs (23% for gestation and lactation), and no requirement in cats. | True |
| Nutrients: Carbohydrates Name two soluble. | sugars and starches |
| Nutrients: Carbohydrates Name six insoluble (fiber). | Pectin, lignin, cellulose, mucilage, gum, guar gum. |
| Nutrients: Protein What are two functions? | Energy source. Building blocks: hormones, enzymes, cell components, antibodies. |
| Nutrients: Protein True or false: there are 21 amino acids in protein. | True. |
| Nutrients: Protein Name six to eleven essential amino acids. | Threonine. Arginine. Tryptophan. Isoleucine. Valine. Lysine. Phenylalanine. Histidine. Leucine. Methionine. *Taurine (cats). |
| Nutrients: Protein What are three by products of protein metabolism? | CO2, H2O, Nitrogen |
| Nutrients: Carbohydrates What are two by products of carbohydrate metabolism? | CO2 and H2O |
| Nutrients: Fat What is it good for? | Energy source. Component of cell structure. Special functions: anti-inflammatory, carrier for Vitamins (A, D, E, K), essential fatty acids, hormone synthesis, palatability. |
| Nutrients: Fat What are two by products of fat metabolism? | H2O & CO2 |
| Nutrients: Fat Name two vitamins that are water soluble. Name four that are fat soluble. | B & C - A, D, E, K. |
| Minerals True or false: they are inorganic substances that are essential to health. They do not provide energy. They are important as components of proteins or chemical reactions. | True |
| Minerals Macrominerals are measured in % of diet. Name six. | Salt, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and sulfur. |
| Minerals Microminerals (trace minerals) are measured in ppm. Name seven. | Iron, zinc, copper, boron manganese, selenium, iodine, chromium. |
| What are three feeding goals? | Meet energy requirements to maintain ideal weight. Meet protein and vitamin/mineral needs of animal to maintain health and ideal body condition. Avoid excessive nutrients that may cause illness or unneeded expense. |
| Body Score What is an ideal score and what does it look like? | BCS 5/10. Ribs: easily felt with slight fat cover. Tail base: smooth base with slight fat cover. Side view: abdominal tuck. Overhead view: well-proportioned waist. |
| Body Score What is a overweight score and what does it look like? | 7-9/10. Ribs: difficult to feel under fat cover. Tail base: obvious fat deposits. Side view: no abdominal tuck. Overhead view: obvious abdominal distension. |
| Energy Requirements Resting Energy Requirement (RER) in kcals = (30 x BW kg) + 70. | True |
| What is a kcal? | 1 kcal = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie. |
| What are three goals of Therapeutic Nutrition? | Improve the quality of life. Delay progression of disease. Prolong duration of life. |
| Client Insights How important is nutrition counseling? | 94% of owners felt that it was critical or important. |
| Role of the Veterinary Technician Name six. | Know physiologic (normal) process. Know the process changes in disease. Conduct and record a complete history including feeding history. Know the owner & relationship with pet. Complete a patient assessment including weight & BCS. Record all observations. |
| Role of the Veterinary Technician True or false: you should schedule a follow-up appointment or telephone call. | True |
| Nutrition as Therapy True or false: Four steps in the process include: assess the patient's needs, develop a nutritional plan, implement the plan (client education), and monitor the effectiveness and client compliance. | True |
| What are Product Resource Keys good for? What are their limitations? | Good: Product characteristics: metaoblized energy, average nutrient contents, ingredients, packaging, RER/DER tables, and conversion charts. Indications. Not recommended for daily feeding guide. |
| Therapeutic Products True or false: Hill's Pet Nutrition is referred to as Prescription Diet, but all others are Veterinary Diets or Therapeutic Diets. | True |
| True or false: Wellness is the designation for pet foods with optimum nutrient levels for healthy pets as determined by research and clinical trials. Both excess and deficiency of nutrients should be prevented. | True |
| True or false: Therapeutic is the designation for pet foods useful as a nutritional aid for dogs or cats with a specific disease condition. | True. Nutrients of concern or "key nutritional factors (KNF) may influence the prevention, management, or progression of a disease. |
| Key Nutritional Factors Name three: | Decrease the excess intake of one or more nutrients. Increase levels of specific nutrients to help manage condition. Create a specific physiological response. |
| Nutrition as Therapy includes these four steps: | Understand the disease process. Determine goals for managing the disease. Determining Key Nutritional Factors (KNF) to achieve goals. Choose an appropriate product (diet). |
| Nutrition as Therapy Name three client education steps. | Explain nutritional plan to owner. Monitor the patient: test results, clinical status, diary. Reinforce and encourage compliance. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) Name seven clinical signs. | Straining to urinate, frequent urination (small amounts), genital grooming, vocalizing, inappropriate urination, hematuria. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) True or false: uroliths (stones) are sometimes causative. | True |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) - Feline Name six etiologies and predisposing factors: | inflammation, infection, breed, gender, urine pH, and minerals (crystals) in the urine. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) True or false: Feline idiopathic cystitis accounts for 64% of cases. | True |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) True or false: In felines 14.7% of cases are determined to be due to Urolithiasis. | True |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) True or false: in cats, infection (bacterial, viral) cases account for <1.0% of cases. | True |
| Crystals & Urolith Composition What three minerals make up Struvite crystals/uroliths? What acronym can we use to help remember? | magnesium, ammonium, phosphate MAP |
| Crystals & Urolith Composition What two minerals make up Oxalate crystals/uroliths? | calcium and oxalate |
| Feline LUTD What are four predisposing factors of Struvite crystal accumulation in cats? | Younger cat. Obese. Neutered. Alkaline urine pH. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) - Canine Name six clinical signs: | Frequent urination. Straining to urinate (producing very little). Genital grooming. Hematuria. Urinary incontinence (female). Interest from other dogs. |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) - Canine True or false: in dogs, Struvite uroliths are usually associated with infection. | True |
| Lower Urinary Tract Disease (LUTD) - Canine True or false: in dogs, Calcium Oxalate urolith formation is normally associated with a breed predisposition. | True |
| Uroliths: Therapy Goals True or false: first we must identify urolith type, dissolve uroliths (struvite only) or Remove, and prevent recurrence. | True |
| Uroliths: Therapy Goals What four things can we do to prevent recurrence of uroliths? | Treat infection (if present). Target appropriate pH. Target appropriate precursors (diet). Increase water intake and promote diluted urine. |
| Urolith Therapy True or false: the University of Minnesota Urolith Center provides urolith analysis for free, and results should arrive within two weeks. | True |
| Identify Urolith Type True or false: urinalysis may not be accurate in prediction urolith type. | True |
| Identify Urolith Type Why is urinalysis unreliable in predicting urolith composition? (5) | Crystals may not be present. Crystals may be of different type than urolith. Urinalysis reflects most recent meals. Collection artifacts. Handling artifacts (refrigeration). |
| Urolith Therapy What three things can we do to dissolve struvite crystals? | Provide a diet low in KNF magnesium and phosphorus, and that will alter the urine pH to make is acidic (pH 5.9-6.1) |
| Urolith Prevention In targeting appropriate pH to prevent Struvite crystals, what pH does the food need to cause in urine? | Normal acidic: pH 6.2 -6.4 |
| Urolith Prevention In targeting appropriate pH to prevent Oxalate crystals, what pH does the food need to cause in urine of dogs? Of cats? | Dogs: Alkaline urine (pH 7.1 - 7.7). Cats: Alkaline urine (pH 6.6 - 6.8). |
| Urolith Prevention In order to prevent Struvite urolith formation, what KNF (key nutritional factors) need to be altered? | Low magnesium and phosphorus |
| Urolith Prevention In order to prevent Oxalate urolith formation, what three KNF (key nutritional factors) need to be altered? | Low sodium. Controlled magnesium. Low phosphorus. |
| Urolith Therapy In order to target appropriate precursors, minerals, and protein in diets for dogs suffering from Urate & Cystine uroliths, what five KNF must be altered? | Very low protein. Very low nucleic acid. Very low Ca & P, low sodium, and a target pH of 7.1 - 7.7. |
| Urolith Prevention True or false: an alternative diet targets inflammatory mediators. They will have antioxidants such as Vitamin E and beta carotene and anti-inflammatory agents such as Omega 3 fatty acids. | True |
| Urolith Prevention True or false: water and urine volume increase is the single most important KNF we can alter in the animals diet. | True |
| Urolith Prevention Water and urine volume increase is the single most important KNF we can alter in the animals diet. What three ways can we accomplish this? | Canned food added to the diet. Cold or running water supplied to cats and dogs. Clean litter pans more frequently. |
| Name four normal functions of the gastrointestinal tract. | Digestion of ingredients. Absorption of nutrients. Movement of food through GI tract. Elimination of waste (undigested) or bi-products (bile acids & nitrogen). |
| What are five key factors that affect diet quality? | Nutrients & Fiber, Normal Absorption, Normal Motility, Bacterial Population, Digestive Enzymes |
| Gastrointestinal Health: Diet Quality Name three necessities. | Meet nutrient needs of the animal in usable form. Balance of fiber to maintain normal motility and bacterial population. Not create illness. |
| Complex Carbohydrates ___ are complex carbohydrates that are digested by the animal's endogenous digestive enzymes. | Starches |
| Complex Carbohydrates ___ are complex carbohydrates that are resistant to enzymatic digestion and thus are fermented by intestinal microbes. | Fiber |
| Gastrointestinal Disease Name two common diseases affecting the stomach. | Gastritis. Gastric Dilation and/or Volvulus |
| Gastrointestinal Disease Name three common diseases affecting the small intestine. | Enteritis (infection or toxin). Inflammatory Bowel Disease - IBD (autoimmune). Food Intolerance or Allergy |
| Gastrointestinal Disease Name two common diseases of the large intestine. | Colitis. Megacolon. |
| Gastrointestinal Disease What are two clinical signs of Gastritis & Enteritis? | Vomiting and Diarrhea |
| Gastrointestinal Disease What three pieces of information is it important to gather about diarrhea in our patients? | Volume. Consistency. Frequency. |
| Gastrointestinal Disease What are five attributes common in Small Bowel disease? | Vomiting. Poor appetite. Large volume diarrhea. 1-2X per day. Possible weight loss. |
| Gastrointestinal Disease What are five attributes common in Large Bowel disease? | Straining/pain. Small volume. 3-10x/day. Mucous. Frank blood. |
| Gastrointestinal Disease What are two common consequences of severe enteritis? | Maldigestion and Malabsorption. Failure to breakdown nutrients. Failure to absorb nutrients. |
| Gastrointestinal Disease What are four clinical signs of severe enteritis? | diarrhea, weight loss, increased hunger, greasy stools. |
| Gastrointestinal Disease What are three goals of treatment in order? | Restore fluid and electrolyte losses via oral, SQ, or IV fluid therapy. Initial NPO to rest the entire GI tract (24hrs). Gradual introduction of highly digestible nutrients in small controlled quantities. |
| Gastrointestinal Disease What are six key nutritional factors important to these issues? | Highly digestible protein. Single or limited protein source. Highly digestible carbohydrate. Moderate amount of fat. Highly digestible fat. Replace lost electrolytes. |
| Soluble Fiber True or false: short-chain fatty acids, produced by fermentation of soluble fiber by bacteria, are nutritive to coloncytes. They encourage normal colon bacteria and discourage pathogenic bacteria. | True |
| Insoluble Fiber True or false: they are resistant to digestion and fermentation. | True |
| Insoluble Fiber How do they normalize gut motility? | Increases fecal bulk (improves intestinal muscle contractions). Absorbs water. Absorbs toxins. |
| Common Diseases of the Large Intestines What are two clinical signs seen in Mega Colon? | Constipation or Obstipation |
| Common Diseases of the Large Intestines What are three clinical signs seen in Colitis? | Mucous. Straining. Small amounts frequently |
| Common Diseases of the Large Intestines How is this corrected (4)? | Reduce contributing causes. Provide "bulk" to stool. Highly digestible ingredients. Provide water absortion in colon. |
| Common Diseases of the Large Intestines What are four Key Nutrition Factors necessary to correct these problems? | Increase water consumption. Increase insoluble fiber. Highly digestible fat. Highly digestible protein. |
| The Pancreas What are two normal functions? | Exocrine: produce digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase. Endocrine: produce hormones to regulate carbohydrate metabolism such as insulin and glucagon. |
| Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs Type I Diabetes is characterized by: | absolute lack of insulin production |
| Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs What are four predisposing factors? | Genetics. Pancreatitis. Endocrine disease. Obesity. |
| Diabetes Mellitus in Cats Type II Diabetes is characterized by: | Relative decrease in insulin (tissues are less sensitive). |
| Diabetes Mellitus in Cats What are three predisposing factors? | Pancreatitis. Certain medications. Obesity. Obesity. Obesity. |
| Diabetes Mellitus: Nutritional Goals Name three: | Stable blood glucose within goal ranges. Achieve ideal body weight: very gradual weight reduction in overweight cats. Provide a palatable, balanced formulation. |
| Diabetes Mellitus: KNF (Key Nutritional Factors) True or false: avoid simple sugars, avoid semi-moist pet food, moderate fiber, decrease fat, and moderate (high in cats) protein energy. | True |
| Diabetes Mellitus: KNF (Key Nutritional Factors) Why do we want to avoid semi-moist foods? | They have many preservatives added (corn syrup, propylene glycol, and acids). |
| Diabetes Mellitus: KNF (Key Nutritional Factors) In the Dog: | High fiber, consistent profile |
| Diabetes Mellitus: KNF (Key Nutritional Factors) In the Cat: | High fiber if overweight. High protein if thin. Consistent profile. |
| Types of Pancreatitis What are two acute types? Chronic? | Necrosis (or Hemorrhagic) with or without fibrosis. Suppurative. Non-suppurative inflammation and fibrosis. |
| What are six possible complications of pancreatitis? | Hepatic lipidosis. Cholangiohepatitis. Diabetes mellitus. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Multi-organ failure. Death. |
| What are seven possible causes of pancreatitis in the dog? | High fat meal. Hyperadrenocorticism. Trauma (including surgery). Hyperlipidemia. Low perfusion. Toxin or drug (corticosteroids). Infection. |
| What are six possible causes of pancreatitis in cats? | Ascending inflammation: intestines (IBD), and liver (biliary tree). Breed risk: siamese. Tumors. Drugs. Trauma. Infection |
| What are two means of diagnosing pancreatitis? | Blood tests: amylase, lipase, PLI, or TLI Ultrasound (not accurate in cats) |
| What are three generic supportive care means for pancreatitis? | Aggressive IV fluids. Pain control. Nausea control. |
| How does feeding of animals vary between cats and dogs with pancreatitis? | NPO until blood tests are normal in dogs. Cats require aggressive feeding of high protein to prevent hepatic lipidosis. |
| What are three possible reasons that veterinary staff doesn't take to clients about their pets weight issues? | Overbooked day. Limited time. Priorities have to be set. |
| What percentage of dogs are estimated to be overweight or obese? | 56% |
| What percentage of cats are estimated to be overweight or obese? | 60% |
| What percentage of patients successfully lose weight? | <10% |
| True or false: fat is biochemically active tissue that produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. | True |
| True or false: pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins produced from fat creates low-grade chronic inflammation. | True |
| True or false: obesity is a disease not just a consequence of lifestyle. | True |
| Growing adipose tissue leads to decreased tissue ___. | perfusion. Leading to tissue hypoxia. |
| True or false: Increased production of reactive oxygen species by adipocytes leads to oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. | True |
| True or false: obese patients have increased circulating Leptin. | True |
| True or false: fat accumulation leads to increased Leptin production. Leptin resistance develops. Leptin is eventually rendered ineffective. Lack of appetite suppression leads to more fat accumulation. | True |
| True or false: obesity impacts metabolism on a molecular level. | True |
| Higher levels of leptin is associated with ___ resistance. | Insulin |
| True or false: subclinical insulin resistance often present without overt signs of diabetes in dogs. | True |
| What are eight comorbidities in Cats and Dogs that are overweight or obese? | Diabetes. Urinary disease. Skin disease. Degenerative Joint Disease. Heart Disease. Renal Disease. Cancer. Respiratory Disease. |
| Overweight and obese cats are __x more susceptible to being concurrently diagnosed with urinary tract disease vs healthy cats. | 1.5x |
| True or false: overweight and obese cats are more likely to be concurrently diagnosed with non-allergy related dermatopathy (inability to groom). | True |
| True or false: Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) in cats is under-recognized and under-diagnosed. | True |
| __% of cats older than 6 years old display signs of DJD in at lease one joint. | 61% |
| True or false: Weight loss can help 6%. Improved with just 6% weight loss. | True |
| True or false: enzymes upregulated by fat tissue can cause damage. | True |
| True or false: 1 lb. weight loss may alleviate 3 lbs. pressure per step. | True |
| Respiratory Disease Weight management is one of the cornerstones of therapy. What are three conditions that would benefit from weight management? | Chronic airway disease. Tracheal collapse. Feline asthma. |
| True or false: cats are more likely to have a concurrent diagnosis of neoplasia if they are overweight or obese. | True |
| True or false: dogs are at increased risk of developing mammary and bladder cancer if they are overweight or obese. | True |
| True or false: 1/3 of diabetes and lameness in cats can could be prevented. | True |
| What percentage of owners with overweight pets recognize them as such? | 10% |
| What are four effects of obesity on quality of life and the human-animal bond? | Less vitality. Greater emotional disturbances. Higher pain scores. Undesirable behaviors. |
| ___ changes gene expression to promote fat burning. Long term option. Real-world success. New technology. Still requires calorie restriction in diet. | Nutrigenomics |
| Weight loss strategies for dogs include high ___ and low ___. | fiber. fat. |
| Weight loss strategies for cats include high ___ and low ___. | protein. carb. |
| What percentage of daily calorie intake should treats be responsible for? | 10% |
| Equine Nutrition The ___ is responsible for enzymatic and chemical digestion of sugars, starches, proteins, and fats. | Foregut |
| Equine Nutrition The ___ is responsible for microbial fermentation of fiber and excess starch. | Hindgut |
| Microbial Fermentation Microbes feed on digesta; primarily ___ and some NSC and protein. | fiber |
| Microbial Fermentation True or false: it requires a consistent source of food. Shifts in feed type or intake upset the balance. | True |
| Microbial Fermentation Name six fermentation byproducts: | Heat, gas, VFA (acetate, butyrate, propionate, other), lactate, B-vitamins, and Vitamin K. |
| Equine Nutrition The majority of a horse's diet consists of: | Forage/Roughage: pasture (grass, alfalfa, mix). Grass Hay: orchard, timothy, blue grass. Legume Hay: alfalfa, clover. Hay cubes, Hay pellets, beet pulp, and complete feeds. |
| Evaluating Feed Observe for overall quality. What are seven things to watch or smell for? | Dirt, debris, dead animals, color, mold, fresh smell, maturity (seed heads, stems only). |
| Evaluating Feed What are three things tested for? | Calorie content, protein, minerals. National Forage Testing Association. |
| Evaluating Feed What are three things to remember about proper storage? | Low humidity. Proper airflow around bales. Keep hay off the ground. |
| Roughage Needs of the Horse Horses will consume __ - __% of their body weight a day in dry roughage (hay, hay pellets, hay cubes). | 1-2.5% |
| Roughage Needs of the Horse True or false: pasture is about 50% moisture, therefore approximately 30 lbs of pasture = 15 lbs of hay. | True |
| Keeping the Bugs Happy Make changes to feed over __ to __ days. (both grain and hay). | 7-10 days |
| Keeping the Bugs Happy True or false: feed at least 1.2 - 2.5% of horse's body weight in forage. | True |
| Keeping the Bugs Happy Do not feed large meals of grain at once. No more than __% of body weight per meal. | 0.5% |
| Name 5 - 10 nutritionally related equine health conditions. | Aging Horses (teeth, choke, colic). Cushings Disease (PPID). Insulin Resistance. Metabolic Syndrome. Laminitis. Obesity. Heaves. Tying Up Syndromes. Ulcers. HYPP. |
| Name seven health problems seen in aging horses. | Teeth loss. Poor Hair & Skin Condition. Respiratory Problems. Declining Body Condition. Anemia. Hoof problems. Digestive Disorders. Joint and Bone Problems. |
| What are seven symptoms of dental abnormalities in the horse? | Dropping grain/hay. Tilting head. Reaction to bit. Excessive salivation. Choke. Pain when feel cheeks. Rapid weight loss. |
| Dentistry: Equine Why do teeth need constant attention? | Wear away at a rate of 1/8" per year. Upper teeth sit to outside of lower. Sharp points form on outside of upper and inside of lower (tongue and cheek may be lacerated. could cause loss of teeth). |
| Dental Procedures: Equine Name three. | Floating. Extracting. Cutting. Note: some older horses need to be fed a complete mix soaked in water. |
| Digestive System: Esophagus ___ is an obstruction of food within the esophagus. | Choke |
| Digestive System: Esophagus What are two clinical signs of Choke? | Saliva and/or food coming from the mouth or nostrils. Retching. |
| Digestive System: Esophagus True or false: seniors are more susceptible due to teeth and less saliva being produced. | True |
| Digestive System: Esophagus How do you prevent Choke? | Feed precooked complete mix soaked in water. |
| Digestive System: Esophagus True or false: previous episodes of Choke can predispose a horse to future bouts due to stricture formation. | True |
| What are four features that make a senior horse more susceptible to colic? | Higher incidence of lipomas. Poor teeth. Less exercise decreases motility. Higher incidence of impactions. |
| What are two dietary change options for colic prone horses? | If hay purchased is inconsistent and changes are often noted, reduce amount of hay and feed more of a complete feed to reduce risk factors. High starch diet (substitute with fat and fiber) High starch may impair fiber digestion. |
| What are four clinical signs of condition loss in horses? | Weight loss (showing ribs). Poor hooves. Poor hair coat. Loss of muscle tone (hips and topline). |
| What are four causes of condition loss in horses? | Bad teeth. Poor digestion/absorption. Pain. Cushing's. Poor feed quality. Inadequate feed. |
| What are six sites to evaluate a horse for Body Condition Score? | Along neck. Along withers. Crease down back. Ribs. Behind the shoulder. Tailhead. |
| True or false: senior horses have different nutrient requirements. | True |
| Feeding Needs of the Senior Horse What is one big nutritional requirement that changes with age? | Protein. As horses age they have decreased ability to digest and absorb protein. To maintain muscle mass they require more protein (amino acids). |
| Senior Horse: Hay & Forage True or false: high fiber helps maintain normal gut motility and function. | True |
| Senior Horse: Vitamins True or false: studies show senior horses have lower Vitamin C levels in their blood. They also have vitamin B deficiency with causes loss of appetite and anemia. | True |
| Senior Horse: Minerals Senior horses have a decreased absorption of ___ in the large intestine. | phosphorus |
| What is PPID in horses? | Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (Equine Cushing's Disease). |
| What are is a possible cause of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) in horses? | Pituitary tumor in the pars intermedia that releases ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol. Increased cortisol interferes with insulin and many other body symptoms. |
| What are four to nine clinical signs of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction in the horse? | Long curly hair. Excessive drinking. Excessive Urination. Laminitis. Chronic Infections. High Blood Sugar (IR - insulin resistance). Poor condition. Muscle wasting. Abnormal fat deposits. |
| Treatment for PPID True or false: Pergolide "Prascend" (Dopamine Agonist) seems to help reduce the ACTH produced from the abnormal pituitary gland. | True. $$. |
| Treatment for PPID True or false: it is recommended to maintain body condition with low starch and sugar diets. | True. Total diet with less than 20% Sugar and Starch. Some horses require less than 11%. May need to have hay analyzed and soak hay. |
| Treatment for PPID True or false: it is crucial that feeds contain fat and fiber for calories while balancing nutrient need. | True |
| Treatment for PPID True or false: Antioxidants like Vitamin C and E should be added, along with Magnesium, Chromium, and Omega 3 fatty acids. | True |
| What is Insulin Resistance (IR): Equine? | Usually associated with obesity or some other health issue. Body condition >7/9. Cushings (PPID) or Metabolic Syndrome. |
| True or false: equine insulin resistance can be caused by over feeding. | True |
| ___ ___ is defined as the diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin in transporting glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into muscle and other tissue. | True |
| Insulin Resistance: Equine True or false: you should avoid feeding large meals, feed frequently, and use nibble nets and slow feeders. | True |
| Equine Metabolic Syndrome True or false: it is often seen in overweight horses with laminitis and insulin resistance. | True |
| Equine Metabolic Syndrome Horses will often have fat deposits on what three regions of the body? | Neck, rump, sides |
| Equine Metabolic Syndrome Can this disease cause infertility? | Yes |
| Equine Metabolic Syndrome True or false: a horse may lose weight quickly as the condition progresses. | True |
| Equine Metabolic Syndrome True or false: they test negative for Cushing's Syndrome. It was previously thought that they had low thyroid. Certain breeds are more susceptible: Arabs, Morgans, Quarter Horses. | True |
| True or false: if a horse has laminitis, this indicates that they have inflammation of the laminae which can lead to Founder. Founder is the sinking of the coffin bone. | True |
| What are some dietary concerns to keep in mind to prevent laminitis? | Low Starch & Sugar diets. High fiber. BCS 4.5 a must. 0.5% grain per meal or less. Small frequent meals. Proper hoof care. Protein, vitamins, minerals, biotin. |
| What are four common clinical signs seen in obese horses? | Hormones. Weight stress. Heat stress. Infertile. |
| True or false: efficiency genes may contribute to obese horses (not just overfeeding). 51% of horses are over weight (18 of those are hyperinsulemic). 19% of horses are obese (32% hyperinsulemic). | True. Horses should be fed very little grain/concentrate |
| True or false: heaves (allergies) is a condition that involves recurrent airway obstruction. Contributing factors can be environmental or feed. | True. Minimize or eliminate things associated and reduce dust. |
| True or false: clinical signs exertional Rhabdomyolysis usually occur shortly after the beginning of exercise. | True |
| What are four clinical signs of Exertional Rhabdomyolysis? | Firm/painful muscles over the lumber (loin) and sacral (croup) regions of the topline, including the large gluteal muscles. Excess sweating. Tachypnea. Tachycardia. Muscle twitching. Myoglobinuria due to damaged muscle. Muscle necrosis. Renal failure. |
| True or false: Exertional Rhabdomyolysis is associated with "Monday Morning Disease." | True |
| Name two clinical signs of Sporadic ER. | No prior hx of tying-up episodes. Single or very infrequent episodes of ER. |
| Name two clinical signs of Chronic ER. | Repeated episodes of tying-up from a young age. Increased serum creatinine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities with mild exertion. |
| What are several causes of sporadic ER? | Over exertion relative to conditioning. Hyperthermia. Dehydration. Electrolyte imbalances. Post-respiratory infection. |
| What is a cause of Chronic ER? | Breed specific (Quarter horses, Warm Bloods, Paints, Appaloosas, Morgans) associated with Polysaccharide storage myopathy |
| What are five clinical signs of Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (EPSM)? | Muscle cramping. Poor gait. Weak flabby muscles. Neurological lameness. |
| What are some treatment options for Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy? | Limit carbs. Feed fat instead. Vitamin E and Selenium. |
| How is Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy diagnosed? | Muscle biopsy. Genetic test. |
| What are clinical signs of Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis? | Genetic defect in 4% of quarter horses and quarter horse types. Inherited from the stallion Impressive. Episodic muscle fasciciluation from mild to collapse. During episode may have high potassium and low sodium. |
| What are three triggers of Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis? | Stress. Change in diet. Trailering. Random. |
| How is Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis treated? | May resolve own its own. Oral glucose. IV glucose or calcium gluconate. |
| How is Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis prevented? | Feed low potassium feeds. Increase water intake. Encourage daily exercise. |
| Name same best practices for management of horses? | Feed as individuals. Feed individually. Provide feeders and plenty of space between. Daily observation. Feed by weight not volume. Feed small amounts often. Ration changes should be made over 7-10 days. |
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