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Exotic Animal Med
Lecture Review Questions: Wildlife at the Vet Clinic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True or false: the proper order for treating crop stasis in a baby bird is: flush the crop using warm saline, and then refill the crop with a balanced electrolyte solution. | True |
| On finding papillomas in the cloaca of a blue and gold macaw, the veterinarian should tell the owners that: | This disease is treatable, but the animal should not be used for breeding. |
| Describe how to determine the difference between "courtship regurgitation" and vomiting from a disease process. | Gram staining the crop to rule out bacterial or fungal infections. Hx of other breeding behavior. Remove shiny objects like mirrors. Decrease light period by covering cage or placing in a dark room. |
| Which of the following foods would most likely cause loose stools if added to a bird's diet (watermelon, bread, meat, potato)? | watermelon |
| Which of the following clinical chemistry tests is not useful for diagnosis of liver disease in the avian patient (ALT, AST, Bile Acids, y-Glutamyl transerase (GGT)? | ALT (alanine aminotransferase) |
| The intestinal tract of birds contains predominantly ___ bacteria. | gram-positive |
| Cloacal polyps should be treated before using the bird for breeding. | False. They should not be breed. |
| What is the name of the glandular stomach of the bird? | proventriculus |
| Some species of birds have a gland that produces oil to waterproof the feathers. It can become blocked, producing a swelling just above the tail. What is the name of this gland. | The uropygial gland |
| Which of the following products should be avoided in treating skin lesions in birds (otomax ointment, gentocin spray, silvadene cream)? | otomax ointment |
| What findings from physical examination should cause technicians to suspect feather picking? | Feathers are missing from tracts on the body only. |
| What class of drug is being used more frequently today to treat feather-picking in birds? | anxiolytics |
| In what species of bird are feather cysts common? | canary |
| What is the most common external parasite seen in captive birds? | Knemidokoptes pilae |
| Bumblefoot in birds is often related to trauma from ___. Name two. | Improper perch size and material. |
| Candida infection might be seen in birds given: | High levels of antibiotics |
| Birds have predominantly ____ intestinal flora. | gram-positive |
| Which of the following diseases has zoonotic potential? | Psittacosis |
| All new birds should be quarantined for a minimum of ___ before being placed into the collection. | 60 days |
| Prevention of what viral disease is important for the poultry industry and is the main reason for quarantine of imported birds? | Exotic Newcastle Disease |
| What is the usual color of the cere of the female parakeet? | Pink |
| Discoloration of the cere of the budgerigar may indicate disease of the ___ system. | Reproductive |
| Periorbital swelling is usually seen when the ___ is infected. | infraorbital sinus |
| Which of the following vitamins is important for healthy nasal epithelium? | Vitamin A |
| Owners of pet birds should avoid overheating ___ cooking utensils in the area where the bird is caged. | Teflon-coated |
| If presented with a dyspneic patient, the technician should: | Place the bird in an oxygenated environment before evaluation. |
| Nebulization is the best way to treat ___ respiratory disease. | Lower airway |
| What structures are derivatives of a bird's skin and what are they made of? | Scales, feathers, and the outer sheath of beaks and claws are made of keratin, which is produced by epithelial cells. |
| Define the function of the uropygial gland. Do all birds possess this gland? | The function of the uropygial (preen) gland is the secretion of an oily, fatty substance that helps to clean and waterproof the feathers. The gland is completely lacking in some parrots, ostriches, and a few other species. |
| Describe the basic anatomy of a bird's beak. When trimming these structures, what should you be careful to avoid? | It consists of upper & lower mandible. Covered w/ tough, horny keratin layer that grows continuously. Beaks vary in their hardiness & flexibility, depending on their function. When trimming beaks & claws, be careful to avoid blood & nerve supply (quick). |
| Describe the basic anatomy of a bird's claws. | The claws possess a horny sheath derived from specialized scales at the end of each toe. Like the beak, it also grows continuously. Species differ in the types of claws they possess based on perching habits and methods of procuring food. |
| List three major functions of feathers. | Flight. Protection of the thin skin from trauma, rain, and excessive radiation from sunlight. Thermoregulation, camouflage, and communication behaviors: courtship, defense, and recognition. |
| What types of feather are the flight and tail feathers? Describe their microstructure. | Contour feathers. Inferior umbilicus, superior umbilicus, calamus (quill), rachis (shaft), vane (flattened part of a feather that appears web-like on each side of the rachis. Barbs -> barbules -> hooklets |
| Define a fault bar. What causes it? | Stress bar. A weakened area on the feather vane where the barbs lack barbules. If a feather is stressed during development even for a few hours there is an interruption in its blood flow and stress bar develops. Most commonly due to a poor diet. |
| What is a blood feather? | A growing feather. Blood can be seen in the proximal part of the feather shaft during the entire growth phase. Injury to a blood feather can result in bleeding and prevent the feather from developing normally until molted again. |
| How do the wing and tail feathers differ between predatory and prey species? | Prey species: flight feathers that are loosely seated in follicles so that they can drop feathers quickly if grabbed & escape from predators. Predatory birds: feathers seated strongly in follicles (pulling out can result in permanent damage to follicle. |
| Describe attachment of the skull to the vertebral column. What does this type of attachment provide? | The first cervical vertebrae (atlas) contains a single condyle (ball and socket type structure) for attachment to skull. This allows greater range of head movement compared to mammals which have two condyles attaching the skull to the vertebral column. |
| List the bones in the avian wing from the shoulder to the wing tip. | Humerus -> radius -> ulna -> ulna carpal -> radial carpal -> carpometacarpus -> alula (first finger) -> phalanges of second & third finger. The three finger digits are digits two, three, and four. The shoulder girdle: caracoids, scapula, clavicle. |
| List the bones in the avian leg beginning at the hip and extending down to the toes. | femur -> patella -> tibiotarsus -> fibula -> tarsometatarsus -> phalanges of digits 1-4. The number of digits varies from two to four depending on the type of bird. |
| List the two types of skeletal muscle fiber and describe their energy use. | Birds have white & red muscle fibers. White fibers: thick diameter, low blood supply, little myoglobin (carry oxygen), use stores of glycogen to sustain muscle contraction. (short bursts) Red fibers: thinner, rich supply blood, fat, and myoglobin. |
| Why can a bird perch while sleeping? | Leg muscles are close to the center of gravity. When a bird bends its legs to perch the tendons also bend and pull the toes closed around the perch. This is called perching reflex. |
| What are the two most important senses in birds? | Vision and hearing. |
| Which eye structures are found in birds but not in mammals? | Sclerotic ring, pectin, a second fovea, and colored oil droplets on the cones. |
| Where are the bird's ears located? | On the sides of its heard, behind and slightly below the eyes. |
| Which endocrine gland secretes hormones that regulate molting and migratory urge? | Thyroid gland |
| List the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas. | Endocrine: synthesizes hormones that regulate blood sugar & sugar metabolism in liver (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin). Exocrine function: produces pancreatic polypeptide (inhibits gastrointestinal motility + secretion & induces a sense of satiety.) |
| On which side of the neck is the esophagus located in birds? Does this differ from mammals? | Right. Mammals: left and then midline. |
| List the two separate components of the avian stomach and their functions. | Proventriculus (glandular stomach). Ventriculus (grinding stomach) Also called the Gizzard. |
| What is a mute? What can it tell us about the health of a bird? | Combination of excrement from the intestines, kidneys, and genital ducts that is ejected through the vent. Their color & consistency can be altered by diet, parasites & disease. Any change in a bird’s normal excreta should be investigated for cause. |
| What is the renal portal system? | A network of capillaries. Blood returning from extremities (via iliac veins) travels to kidneys. Valves at junction of iliac veins & kidney (renal) veins steer blood either to kidneys so metabilic waste can be removed or to heart vial posterior vena cava. |
| What is the body temperature range of birds? | 37 - 42 degrees Celsius or 99 - 107.6 degrees Fahrenheit. |
| Describe the components of an avian ECG. | P, QRS, and T waves. |
| How do avian red blood cells differ from those in mammals? | They are oval, nucleated, and larger than those of mammals. |
| List the three veins that are commonly used for venupunture in birds. Where are they located? | Jugular vein (right). Brachial vein (elbow). Medial metatarsal vein. |
| Where does gas exchange occur in the avian respiratory system? | In the lungs between the air capillaries and the small blood capillaries that surround them. |
| List the nine air sacs and describe their main function in respiration. | cervical pair, interclavical, cranial thoracic pair, caudal thoracic pair, and abdominal pair. |
| Do birds have a diaphragm? | No |
| Describe the path of one breath of air through the respiratory system. | Two inhalations and two expiration are required to transport one pocket of air through the entire respiratory system. |
| What is the major component in the nitrogenous waste of birds? What are the advantages to producing this type of waste? | Uric acid (not urea as in mammals). It is more efficient in eliminating nitrogen. Critical to survival of embryos in the egg. |
| Explain how sperm are transferred from the male to the female in birds. | Ducks, geese, Galliformes, storks, & flamingos have a grooved erectile penis attached to wall of the cloaca to help transfer sperm into female’s vagina. Most species: sperm transfer occurs when male and female bring their cloacae into close proximity. |
| List the five sections of the avian oviduct and their functions. | Infundibulum. Magnum. Isthmus. Uterus. Vagina. |
| What is the average incubation temperature? | 95 Degrees F |
| What is a brood patch and how does it relate to incubation? | Area of skin on the lower abdomen where heat is transferred to the egg. The hen plucks the feathers in this area due to influence of prolactin. Estrogen stimulates thickening and wrinkling of the epidermis and an increase in size/number of blood vessels. |
| Describe the four classifications of newly hatched chicks. | Atricial. Semialtricial. Precocial. Semiprecocial. |
| Restraint of Lizards True or false: the least amount of restraint that gets the job done is idea. Secure but not forced. | True |
| Restraint of Lizards True or false: never grab a lizard by the tail (it might snap off). Secure the tail so that it is not injured by whipping about. | True |
| Restraint of Lizards The ___ reflex will cause a catatonic state in many lizards. Cotton balls can be secured over eyes with Vetwrap to induce this reflex for procedures such as radiographs. | vasovagal |
| Restraint of Snakes Always control the ___. | head. Hold firmly behind the head. |
| Restraint of Snakes Support the body in ___ places. (1 person for every 3-4 feet). | two |
| Restraint of Snakes True or false: do not hang a snake around the neck. If started it may constrict or bite. | True |
| Restraint of Snakes Name five examples of restraint equipment. | Hooks, tongs, tubes, boxes, and bags. |
| Restraint of Chelonians True or false: #1 defense is to hide in shell. | True |
| Restraint of Chelonians Turtles will usually ___ when lifted. | urinate |
| Restraint of Chelonians True or false: do not leave aquatic turtles on tables. They will dive from heights. | True |
| Restraint of Chelonians Name an example of restraint equipment. | Pedestal |
| Restraint of Chelonians True or false: grasp neck firmly. If you have one foreleg, the head will usually be extended by the animal. | True |
| Restraint of Chelonians True or false: tapping on back feet will sometimes encourage them to extend their head. | True |
| Auscultation of Reptiles True or false: wrapping a damp cloth around an animal will amplify heart sounds and decrease scale noise. | True |
| Auscultation of Reptiles Other than a stethoscope, what can be used to monitor heart sounds? | Doppler blood pressure monitor. |
| Auscultation of Reptiles True or false: RR at POTZ is 10-20 breaths per minute. | True |
| Auscultation of Reptiles What does POTZ stand for? | preferred optimal temperature zone |
| Reptile Fluid Administration Several fluids are commonly used. Name two. How much is administered for maintenance? | Normosol R. Plasmalyte. 20 ml/kg/day |
| Reptile Fluid Administration True or false: SQ, ICe, IV, IO, PO are all effective methods of administration. The choice of route depends on severity of illness and logistics of individual animals. | True |
| IM & SQ Injections: Reptiles Must be given in the front __ of the body due to the renal-portal system. | 1/3. Insert between scales. |
| Feeding Tubes: Reptiles True or false: lubricated feeding tube is placed behind glottis and then directed into esophagus. | True |
| Blood Collection: Reptiles The volume of blood that can be safely collected from a reptile is __-__% of its body weight. | 0.5% - 0.8% |
| Blood Collection: Reptiles True or false: blood samples should be collected using heparinized needles and placed into appropriate collection tubes immediately after sample collection. | True |
| Blood Collection: Lizards If drawing from the tail vein, the sample should be collected from within the proximal __ of the tail. What gauge need should be used? | 1/4. 22-25g. Insert perpendicular to the skin and inserted to the point of the caudal vertebrae. Gently apply negative pressure as the needle-syringe is withdrawn off of the caudal vertebrae. |
| Blood Collection: Snakes ___ is the preferred method and provides large volumes of blood if necessary. | Cardiocentesis |
| Blood Collection: Snakes True or false: the heart is located approximately 1/3 - 1/4 the distance from the head. In order to perform a cardiocentesis the animal should be positioned on its dorsum and the heart localized by visual inspection or palpation. | True |
| Blood Collection: Snakes What gauge needle should be used to perform a cardiocentesis? | 22-25g needle should be inserted under the scale at the most distal point of the beating heart (ventricle). Apply negative pressure once the needle is inserted. |
| Blood Collection: Snakes True or False: the ventral coccygeal vein is located on the ventral midline of the tail. Collection of blood from this site is usually possible only in larger snakes. The individual collecting the sample should grasp the tail. | True |
| Blood Collection: Snakes True or false: The sample should be collected in the proximal 1/3 of the tail. | True |
| Blood Collection: Snakes What size needle should be used when performing a blood draw in the ventral coccygeal vein? | A 22-25 gauge needle |
| Blood Collection: Snakes How is the ventral coccygeal vein venipuncture performed? | A 22 - 25 g needle should be inserted at a 45o angle under a ventral scale and advanced to the caudal vertebrae. Negative pressure should be applied and the needle retracted until blood is visualized in the hub of the needle. |
| Intubation of Reptiles True or false: Forward glottis, no epiglottis. Easy to intubate with non-cuffed (Cole) tube. Isoflurane or sevoflurane are good anesthetic choices. | True |
| Anesthesia Monitoring: Reptiles What is used to monitor the heart or major artery? | Doppler flow detector. |
| Anesthesia Monitoring: Reptiles ECG (may clip electrodes to alcohol soaked pads or wire suture). Monitor MM color. Pulse oximetry is monitor with ___ or ___ probes. | rectal or esophageal probes. |
| Special Considerations: Exotic Radiology True or false: a high-detail film-screen system works best. | True |
| Special Considerations: Exotic Radiology True or false: High mA (200-300); exposure time 1/40 second or less; Low kVp will improve contrast (flat film may be better than digital); collimate closely to reduce scatter. | True |
| Special Considerations: Exotic Radiology True or false: exotics are not usually measured with calipers, but choose exposure factors recommended for the species. Avian bones are more radiolucent (permitting the passage of x-rays) than mammals. | True |
| Patient Restraint: Exotic Radiology True or false: manual restraint increases exposure of personnel and should be avoided whenever possible. | True |
| Patient Restraint: Exotic Radiology Name five physical restraint equipment options and one caution to remember. | Plexiglass sheet, plexiglass tubes, ropes, sandbags, radiolucent adhesive tape (such as masking tape). Scotch tape and cloth medical tape should be avoided as they can damage and remove feathers, scales, and fur. |
| Patient Restraint: Exotic Radiology True or false: chemical restraint should be used in combination with other positioning techniques. | True |
| Patient Restraint: Reptile Radiology How is the vasovagal reflex used? | Members of the lizard family can be placed in a trance-life state by putting pressure on both eyelids. |
| Patient Restraint: Reptile Radiology How is the vasovagal reflex restraint performed? | Eyelids are closed & gentle digital pressure is applied to both eyeballs stimulating autonomic parasympathetic nervous system resulting in reduction in HR, BP and RR. Wait 1-2 minutes before positioning. |
| Patient Restraint: Reptile Radiology What is important to remember about using the vasovagal reflex? | Be gentle. No loud noises or environmental stimulation. A loud noise or physical stimulation will immediately cause the lizard to revert to its normal wakeful state. |
| Lateral View of Avian Patient In what order should conscious birds be positioned? | Neck is extended. Use sponges for head support. Wings are extended dorsally and secured with tape at mid-diaphysis of bones (not on carpal joint). Sternum parallel to cassette. Legs pulled caudally and secured with tape separately. Center beam midsternum. |
| Ventrodorsal View Avian Patient How is this positioned? | Dorsal recumbency. Neck extended. Wings extended lateral from body and secured at mid-diaphysis of humerus. Sternum directly over spinal column. Legs pulled caudally and secured with masking tape. Never tape over chest!!! Must move keep to breath!!! |
| Dorsoventral View Lizard Patient How is this positioned? | Ventral recumbency. Forelimbs and hindlimbs gently placed lateral to body. Masking tape may be used to secure positioning. Center on mid-body. Measure thickest point. |
| Lateral View Lizard Patient How is this positioned? | Horizontal beam (cross-table). Forelimbs pulled ventral and cranial. Hind-limbs ventral and caudal. Limbs can be secured with Vetwrap. Tape across shoulders and hips. Sponges can be used to maintain horizontal position. |
| Dorsoventral View Turtle Patient How is this positioned? | Ventral recumbency. Forelimbs and hindlimbs gently placed lateral to body. May be secured with tape. Measure thickest point of body. |
| Lateral View Turtle Patient How is this positioned? | Very important view to evaluate for pneumonia. Use of horizontal beam is ideal! Place turtle on foam pad or acrylic pedestal. Tape hindlimbs in to prevent watering. Lateral view can be made by taping turtle to block of wood and placing block on its side. |
| Lateral View Turtle Patient Describe an alternate positioning technique. | Secure turtle between two pieces of foam (sandwich) and then rotate sandwich 90 degrees to take lateral image. |
| Snake Radiographs True of false: they may be imaged contained in plastic boxes, tubes, pillowcases, or a stockinette. | True |
| Snake Radiographs True or false: lateral views are obtained with cross-table techniques and patient in a tube. Center over area of interest. | True |
| Lateral View of Rabbit Abdomen How is this accomplished? | Place in lateral recumbency. Extend forelimbs cranially and hindlimbs caudally. Secure with tape. Sternum should be parallel to cassette by using sponges. Center beam slightly cranial of the last rib. Measure width at last rib. |
| Lateral View of Rabbit Abdomen How do we collimate? | Slightly cranial of the xiphoid and slightly caudal to the pubis. |
| Ventrodorsal View of Rabbit Abdomen How is this accomplished? | Dorsal recumbency. Secure front portion with sandbags to maintain symmetry. Center beam slightly caudal to last rib. Center beam slightly cranial of xiphoid and caudal to pubis. Measure at last rib. |
| Lateral View of Rabbit Thorax How is this accomplished? | Right lateral recumbency. Extended forelimbs cranially & hindlimbs caudally, secure w/ tape. Use sponges to keep sternum parallel to cassette. Center beam @ sternum. Collimate cranial of thoracic inlet and caudal to last rib. Measure at last rib. |
| Ventrodorsal View of Rabbit Thorax How is this accomplished? | Dorsal recumbency. Secure limbs cranially and caudally with tape. Sternum directly over spinal column. Center at fourth intercostal space. Measure at last rib. |
| Lateral view Rabbit Skull How is this accomplished? | Use a sponge wedge under neck and nose to align skull parallel to cassette. Position ears at top of skull out of area of view. Center beam mid-skull. Collimate cranial of nose and caudal of base of skull. Measure thickest portion of skull. |
| Dorsoventral View Rabbit Skull How is it accomplished? | Dorsal recumbency. Secure head flat to cassette with tape at base of skull (Parallel to cassette). Position ears to the sides out of viewing area. Center beam mid-skull. Collimate cranial to nose & caudal of base of skull. Measure thickest part of skull. |
| Lateral Oblique Rabbit Skull How is this accomplished? | Lateral recumbency. Place sponge wedges under skull to tilt head at a 45-degree angle to cassette. Position ears to the side away from view. Center beam at mid-skull. Measure thickest portion of skull. Collimate cranial to nose & caudal to base of skull. |
| Lateral View Ferret Abdomen How is this accomplished? | Right lateral recumbency. Extend forelimbs cranially, hindlimbs caudally, secure with tape. Use sponges to maintain sternum parallel to cassette. Center slightly caudal of last rib. Collimate cranial of xiphoid and caudal of pubis. Measure at last rib. |
| Ventrodorsal View Ferret Abdomen How is this accomplished? | Dorsal recumbency. Secure frontal portion with sandbags or tape to keep trunk symmetrical. Center beam slightly caudal of last rib. Measure last rib. |
| Lateral View Ferret Thorax How is this accomplished? | Right lateral recumbency. Extend forelimbs cranially, hindlimbs caudally, secure w/ tape. Use sponges to secure sternum parallel to cassette. Center @ xiphoid. Collimate cranial of thoracic inlet & caudal of dorsal aspect of last rib. Measure at last rib. |
| Ventrodorsal Ferret Thorax How is this accomplished? | Dorsal recumbency. Secure front portion with sandbags. Extend hind limbs and secure with tape. Center beam on xiphoid process. Measure at last rib. |
| Lateral Whole Body View Ferret Patient How is this done? | Right lateral recumbency. Secure limbs with tape. Use sponges to keep sternum parallel to cassette. Center beam halfway between dorsal aspect of last rib and xiphoid process. Measure at last rib. |
| Ventrodorsal Whole Body View Ferret Patient How is this done? | Dorsal recumbency. Sandbag front portion or tape to keep symmetrical. Extend hind limbs and secure with tape. Center halfway between dorsal of last rib and xiphoid. Collimate slightly cranial of thoracic inlet and caudal of pubis. Measure at last rib. |
| True or false: fish can be covered with a wet towel for lateral view or placed in a bag full of water on the cassette. | True |
| Reptile: A & P ___ animals are unable to generate body heat internally. | Ectothermic. Their body temperature depends on the environmental temperature. |
| Reptile: A & P True or false: some reptiles can raise body temperatures via metabolic processes. | True |
| Reptile: A & P True or false: almost all reptiles maintain body temperatures via behavioral thermoregulation. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Related to Energy Conservation Animal regulates temperature depending on metabolic ___. What does this special adaptation allow for? | need. Many reptiles can survive on very small amounts of food. |
| Reptile: A & P Depends on access to temperatures within the (POTZ). What is this? | preferred temperature zone . Range of temperatures in which the animal can perform all necessary metabolic functions. |
| Reptile: A & P It is very important for reptiles to be at their POTZ when administering medication. Name three factors POTZ affects. | Drug: absorption, metabolism, elimination. |
| Reptile: A & P True or false: administering medication to reptiles below their POTZ may lead to ineffective therapy or toxic dose when rewarmed. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptile Integument ___ are formed by epidermal folds in most reptiles. | Scales |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptile Integument What is a Scute? | Plates of chelonian carapace (turtle dorsal shell). Aids in species identification and medical recording. |
| Reptile: A & P What is Ecdysis? | Shedding of the skin |
| Reptile: A & P When does Ecdysis occur? | With growth and in response to skin injury |
| Reptile: A & P The process of Ecdysis (shedding) is controlled by the ___. | thyroid gland |
| Reptile: A & P True or false: during ecdysis, the shed can occur in pieces or in one large piece. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Ecdysis Cells replicate new epidermis. Enzyme-containing ___ is secreted between old & new epidermal layers. Skin color dulls & spectacles opacifies. Lymph is resorbed prior to ecdysis. Mechanical rubbing on objects assists w/ ecdysis. | lymph |
| Reptile: A & P: Vision True or false: Snakes and some lizards have no true eyelids. clear, fused scale (spectacle). | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Vision Tear ___ between the cornea and spectacle in the subspectacular space drain into the mouth through the nasolacrimal duct system. | film |
| Reptile: A & P: Cardiovascular Reptiles have ____ atria and ___ ventricle. | two atria and one ventricle |
| Reptile: A & P: Cardiovascular True or false: heart rate depends on species, size, temperature, activity level, and metabolic function. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Cardiovascular True or false: lizards have a vasovagal reflex that induces a drop in heart rate, blood pressure, and a catatonic state. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Cardiovascular How does the vasovagal reflex work to our advantage when working with these animals? | You can trigger it by applying gentle pressure to both eyeballs through closed lids. |
| Reptile: A & P: Cardiovascular True or false: lizards recover from vasovagal reflex with cessation of pressure or mild stimulation. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Respiratory System True or false: reptiles are capable of surviving for long periods of time without breathing. | True. Because of large pulmonary volume, reptiles have efficient anaerobic metabolism and cardiac shunting capabilities. |
| Reptile: A & P: Respiratory System Respiration is driven by ___ levels in the blood. | oxygen |
| Reptile: A & P: Respiratory System The ___ of most amphibians and reptiles is in the rostral portion of oral cavity. It is very mobile in snakes; protrudes from the mouth to allow respiration during ingestion of prey. | glottis |
| Reptile: A & P: Respiratory System The pulmonary tissues have a ___ appearance. | honeycomb |
| Reptile: A & P: Respiratory System The opening of honeycomb end at the ___. They are fixed structures surrounded by capillaries. This is the site of gas exchange. | faveoli |
| Reptile: A & P: Respiratory System True or false: they have no true diaphragm. | True. The action of intercostal muscles and parts of axial musculature used for respiration. |
| Reptile: A & P: Hearing True or false: ears are on both sides of the head, usually caudal to the eyes. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Hearing The ___ may lie in a depression and/or be be covered by folds of skin (some lizards and crocodilians). | Tympanum |
| Reptile: A & P: Hearing The ___ is a single bone in the middle ear of reptiles. It transmits vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea. It converts to nerve impulses and transmitted to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve. | Columella |
| Reptile: A & P: Hearing True or false: semicircular canals control balance and equilibrium in reptiles. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Hearing True or false: snakes have no external ears. The columella articulates with the quadrate bone. | True. This allows snakes to be very sensitive to ground vibrations transmitted through the mandibles. |
| Reptile: A & P: Hearing True or false: snakes are also able to hear aerial sounds. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Oral Cavity Reptiles and lizards often have deeply ___ tongues. | forked |
| Reptile: A & P: Oral Cavity True or false: the forked tongue of reptiles and snakes functions as a particle delivery system for vomeronasal organ (accessory olfactory organ). | True. This allow for detection of particle gradients. |
| Reptile: A & P: Oral Cavity True or false: the tongue is used to capture prey. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Oral Cavity They have numerous salivary glands. Salivary secretions provide ___ that aids in ingestion of large prey. It also has ___ properties that aid in digestion. | lubrication. enzymatic. |
| Reptile: A & P: Oral Cavity True or false: venom glands found in some snakes and lizards are modified salivary glands in the upper jaw. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Dentition Snakes have ___ rows of teeth. | 6. Two maxillary, two mandibular, and two on the palantine/pterygoid bones. |
| Reptile: A & P: Dentition True or false: Aglyphous snakes lack fangs. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Dentition Venom-delivering teeth are ___ with an opening near the end where venom is expelled. | hollow |
| Reptile: A & P: Dentition True or false: fangs receive venom through a duct from their venom gland at its base. Contraction of muscles around the venom gland forces venom out through the fang. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Dentition True or false: snakes can control the amount of venom delivered with each bite. | True |
| Reptile: A & P True or false: the reptile esophagus is thin and distensible (able to stretch). This is a unique morphology and reflects their type of prey. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian GI Tract Varies according to diet. Herbivores have ___ intestinal tracts than carnivores. | longer |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian GI Tract True or false: the snake have a relatively straight intestinal tract with very distensible stomachs. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian GI Tract The colon is large and complex in ___. | herbivores. Hindgut fermentation for digestion. |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian GI Tract True or false: The cecae is the site of hindgut fermentation in herbivorous lizards and chelonians. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian GI Tract True or false: the liver is large and bi-lobed. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian GI Tract The ___ is the common outflow tract for GI and urogenital tracts. | Cloaca |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian GI Tract The Cloaca has three chambers. Name them: | Coprodeum. Urodeum. Proctodeum. |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Kidney True or false: they are usually oblong and smooth surfaced. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Kidney True or false: snakes have lobated kidneys. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Kidney True or false: some species do not have a urinary bladder. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Kidney True or false: they have no Loop of Henle. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Kidney True or false: they are not able to concentrate urine like mammals do. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Kidney Water can be absorbed from urine through the wall of the urinary bladder, ___, and ___. | rectum and cloaca |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System Males have ___ testes located in dorsal abdominal cavity. | internal |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System True or false: Copulatory organs vary in structure. Snakes and lizards have paired hemipenes everted form the tail base through the vent. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System Females have ___ ovaries in the dorsal coelomic cavity. | paired |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System True or false: Paired oviducts, in females, lead to the cloaca and end at the genital papillae in the dorsal wall of the urodeum. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System Viviparous reptiles deliver: | live young |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System Oviparous reptiles deliver: | eggs |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System True or false: Oviposition, many reptiles dig nests to lay eggs. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System True or false: without suitable nesting material females may experience dystocia. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Reproductive System True or false: Chelonians and lizard species may excavate deep holes to deposit eggs. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Egg Incubation Development and hatching requires: | proper temperature, humidity, and gas composition of nest. |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Egg Incubation True or false: incubation time and temperature vary with species. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Reptilian Egg Incubation True or false: reptile eggs should not be rotated during incubation. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Sex Determination True or false: determined by the genotype or temperature at which the eggs are incubated. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Sex Determination Genotype or Sex Chromosomes: ___ are heterozygous (ZW) and males are homozygous (ZZ). | Females. Males. |
| Reptile: A & P: Secondary Sex Characteristics True or false: there is no real sexual dimorphism. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Secondary Sex Characteristics In some species of snake, pelvic spurs can be larger in ___. Pelvis spurs are remnants of pelvis limbs. They provide tactile stimulation to females. | males |
| Reptile: A & P: Snake Skulls True or false: mandibular symphysis is connected by ligaments that allow their jaws to move independently. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Snake Skulls The ___ bones allow wider opening of the mouth. | quadrate bones |
| Reptile: A & P: Snake Skulls True or false: there are moveable bones of the maxillae and palate. | True |
| Reptile: A & P: Axial Skeleton What is tail autonomy? | A defensive mechanism in which some salamanders and lizards will discard their tail, which usually continues to wiggle, to distract a predator. |
| Reptile: A & P: Axial Skeleton Species capable of tail autonomy have "fracture planes" along with their tails break. What is the purpose of this design? | It allows for little to no blood loss |
| Reptile: A & P: Axial Skeleton True or false: lost tails can regenerate in some species. They are often stiff and cartilaginous. | True |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles What is the best way to prevent disease in reptiles? | Education of clients. |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles True of false: most reptile diseases seen by veterinarians are due to poor husbandry and nutrition. | True |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles Provide client with good informational handouts. List some important subjects to cover. | Housing & Cleaning. Nutrition. Diseases common to their species. Zoonotic disease. |
| Reptiles: Species Identification True or false: species identification is very important to correct diet selection and husbandry practices. | True |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Housing Understanding natural environment of species is essential. Name four types. | Tropical. Desert. Temperate. Microclimate. |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Housing What are four considerations for setting up their home? | Temperature (POTZ), Humidity, Substrates, Microclimate. |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Housing Name 3 - 6 cage options. | Indoor vs outdoor. Glass tanks. Rack systems. Screen enclosures. Semi-free range. Pools |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Heat Sources Name three to six. | Incandescent lights. Aquarium heaters. Heat tape/heat pads. Infrared Ceramic heaters. Central heating. Death rocks. |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Ultraviolet Light True or false: plant lights and poster lights are not effective. | True |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Ultraviolet Light Must be replaced how often? | 2x a year. Every six months. Even if the light is still bright looking. |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Substrates Name three to six options. | Newspaper. Artificial grass. Alfalfa pellets. Bark mulch. Sand. Corn cobs. |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Substrates Name three things to keep in mind when choosing. | Should be easy to keep clean. Be safe for the animal. Meet environmental needs of the species. |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Water True or false: the correct amount of water available for the species should be available at all times. High quality and changed daily. Some species require running water. | True |
| Disease Prevention: Reptiles: Water True or false: Desert species may need special delivery system. | True |
| Reptiles: Dietary Categories Name four. | Carnivorous Diet. Insectivorous Diet. Herbivorous Diet. Omnivorous Diet. |
| Reptiles: Dietary Categories A ___ diet consists of whole vertebrate prey such as rodents, birds, and other reptiles. | Carnivorous |
| Reptiles: Dietary Categories A ___ diet consists of whole invertebrate prey such as crickets, meal worms, wax worms, and snails. | Insectivorous |
| Reptiles: Dietary Categories A ___ diet consists of mainly green plants, grasses, and leaves with some fruit and veggies. | Herbivorous |
| Reptiles: Dietary Categories A ___ diet is a mix of carnivorous, insectivorous, and herbivorous diets. | Omnivores |
| Reptiles: Dietary Categories Name three species that are omnivorous. | Box turtles. Skinks. Some aquatic turtles. |
| Reptiles: Carnivorous Diet True or false: reptiles with short, simple digestive tracts. Snakes, monitor lizards, crocodilians, and aquatic turtles. Simple to feed: whole prey. | True. Protein 30-60%, Fat 25-60% |
| Reptiles: Carnivorous Diet True or false: in regard to live vs dead prey, freshly killed or frozen (<3 months) and thawed is ideal. | True |
| Reptiles: Carnivorous Diet True or false: live prey can inflict serious wounds to reptiles. | True |
| Reptiles: Carnivorous Diet Prey frozen for >3 months will lose Vitamin __ content. | Vitamin E |
| Reptiles: Carnivorous Diet True or false: adult vs young prey. Adult mice have a perfect calcium:phosphate of 1:40:1 | True |
| Reptiles: Carnivorous Diet If fish is the only protein source, the diet should be supplemented with Vitamin ___ and ___. | Vitamin E and thiamine |
| Reptiles: Herbivorous Diet Name two examples of hind-gut fermenters. | Tortoises and green iguanas. |
| Reptiles: Herbivorous Diet True or false: they have extended GI transit times. It may take weeks. | True |
| Reptiles: Herbivorous Diet True or false: The fiber content of their diet should be 18-28%. Starch should be avoided. | True |
| Reptiles: Herbivorous Diet True or false: an example of this diet includes 50% greens, 25% high fiber pellet, 10% fruit, and unlimited fresh grass/grass hay. | True |
| Reptiles: Insectivorous Diet True of false: this diet is a form of carnivorous diet. These reptiles have short, simple digestive tracts. | True |
| Reptiles: Insectivorous Diet What are the two main problems seen in feeding these diets to pet reptiles? | Lack of variety and low calcium |
| Reptiles: Insectivorous Diet True of false: in the wild, they would be eating dozens of different species. | True |
| Reptiles: Insectivorous Diet What two insects have the best calcium:phosphate ratio? | Butter worms and phoenix worms. |
| Reptiles: Insectivorous Diet True or false: canned snails are excellent (if animal will eat them). | True |
| Reptiles: Insectivorous Diet True or false: supplementation with calcium is required. Dusting insects with calcium powder just prior to feeding to reptile. | True |
| Reptiles: Omnivorous Diet True or false: some species are carnivorous as juveniles and herbivorous as adults. | True |
| Reptiles: Omnivorous Diet What are two examples of reptiles that are carnivorous as juveniles and herbivorous as adults. | Bearded dragon and Green iguana |
| Reptiles: Diagnostic Procedures Name four to six: | Hx (especially diet and husbandry), PE, Fecal analysis, CBC/Chemistries, Imaging, Cultures, Cytology or histopathology. |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions Name four. | Dehydration. Metabolic Bone Disease: Hypovitaminosis D and Hypocalcemia. Iodine. Hypovitaminosis A |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions True or false: metabolic bone disease is common in captive turtles and lizards, especially iguanas. | True |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions Metabolic Bone Disease is due to insufficient ___ and/or Vitamin ___, excess phosphorus, and occasionally kidney or parathyroid disease. | calcium and Vitamin D |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions What are four to seven clinical signs: | bones become soft (rubber jaw), multiple spontaneous fractures, dystocia, weakness, paralysis, twitching, and anorexia. |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions How can Metabolic Bone Disease be prevented (4)? | UV lights that provide adequate Vitamin D conversion daily. High calcium, low phosphorus diets. Supplement Vitamin D and calcium. Avoid excess: spinach, cabbage, peas (oxalates bind with calcium) |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions What are consequences of Hypovitaminosis A? | Leads to eye infections, blepharitis (eyelid inflammation), stomatitis, middle ear infections, pneumonia, and anorexia. |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions In what species in Hypovitaminosis A common? | Turtles |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions How can Hypovitaminosis A be prevented? | Diet with plenty of dark leafy greens, occasional broccoli, apricots, and carrots. Vitamin supplement 3-5x week. Vitamin A:D:E ratio 100:10:1 |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions True or false: when treating Hypovitaminosis A with vitamin A injections severe blisters and skin slough can occur due to toxicity. | True |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions Iodine deficiency causes what two conditions? | Hypothyroidism and Goiter |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions True or false: certain plants fed in excess are goitrogenic and bind to iodine in diet making it unavailable to the animal: kale and cabbage. | True |
| Reptiles: Common Malnutritions True or false: kale is an excellent source of iron, calcium, and carotene. It should be fed as a mixture with other greens. | True |
| Reptile: Failure to Feed When an animal does not eat when food is provided, what are six possible issues to address? | Not at POTZ. Incorrect diet. Seasonal inappetance. Shedding. Illness. Feeding of live rodents is not recommended due to high risk of reptile injury. |
| Reptiles: What is Infectious Stomatitis? | Also called "mouth rot." Common. Especially in snakes. It is caused by a bacterial infection of oral mucosa. Secondary to immunosuppression or trauma. Cool environmental temp, poor nutrition, crowding, stress. |
| Reptiles: Infectious Stomatitis What are three clinical signs? | Swollen, red oral tissue. Thick ropey saliva. Dysphagia. |
| Reptiles: Infectious Stomatitis What are three treatment options? | Correct husbandry problems. Topical antibiotics. Systemic antibiotics. |
| Reptiles: Intestinal Parasites True or false: almost all reptiles will have intestinal parasites when acquired. | True |
| Reptiles: Intestinal Parasites Diagnosis and treatment are important for health and life span. What are four possible parasites? | Protozoa. Trematodes. Cestodes. Nematodes. |
| Reptiles: Intestinal Parasites How are they diagnosed? | Fecal centrifugation. Direct smear. |
| Reptiles: Intestinal Parasites How are they treated? | Drug specific to diagnosis. |
| Reptiles: Intestinal Parasites True or false: Ivermectin cannot be given to turtles. | True |
| Reptiles: Intestinal Parasites What are two ways to prevent them? | Keep cage clean. Feed parasite-free prey. |
| Reptiles: Cloacal Prolapse What is it? | Any tissue or organ protruding through the cloaca secondary to straining. |
| Reptiles: Cloacal Prolapse What five organs can be involved? | Colon, urinary bladder, hemipenes, uterus, oviduct |
| Reptiles: Cloacal Prolapse How is it treated? | Identify and treat cause of straining. Clean and reduce tissue back into body cavity ASAP. Purse-string suture may be needed to prevent immediate recurrence. |
| Reptiles: Cloacal Prolapse What are three methods of supportive care? | Heat. Fluids. Antibiotics. |
| Reptiles: Hepatic Lipidosis What is it? | Accumulation of fat within the liver which can lead to liver failure. |
| Reptiles: Hepatic Lipidosis What are four possible triggers? | High fat diet. Egg laying. Hibernation. Improper environmental temperature. |
| Reptiles: Hepatic Lipidosis How is it treated? | Fluids and nutritional support. Long-term feeding tube may be needed. |
| Reptiles: Dysecdysis What is it? | Difficult or incomplete shedding. |
| Reptiles: Dysecdysis What are three clinical signs? | Dry, flaky skin. Retained spectacles (cloudy eyes). Necrosis at retained bands. |
| Reptiles: Dysecdysis How is it treated? | Warm-water soaks, or warm wet towels. Scotch tape to remove spectacles (if don't easily come off, wait, to prevent eye damage). |
| Reptiles: Dysecdysis How is it prevented? | Provide proper humidity for that reptile species. Provide rough objects to rub against (rough wood or a brick). |
| Reptiles: Trauma True or false: bite wounds form live prey and attempting to escape cage are two common causes of skin trauma to reptiles. Secondary abscesses and skin infections are common. | True |
| Reptiles: Trauma What are five means of treatment? | Wet-to-dry bandage. Surgical repair. Artificial skin bandages. Antibiotics. High plane of nutrition. |
| Reptiles: Trauma What are four ways we can prevent it? | Do not feed unobserved. POTZ at feeding time. Avoid live prey if possible. Safe caging. |
| Reptiles: Shell Fractures What are the two most common causes? | HBC and Predators. Animal must be evaluated and treated for internal injuries. |
| Reptiles: Shell Fractures What are five possible treatment strategies? | Fluid and nutritional support. Antibiotics. Flush wound with large amounts of saline. Granulation bed must form prior to shell repair. Shell can be repaired with acrylics or epoxy. |
| Reptiles: Abscesses True or false: they are typically gram - infections secondary to trauma or poor nutrition. | True |
| Reptiles: Abscesses What are three clinical signs? | Firm swelling under the skin: reptile purulent exudate is hard and dry. Illness. Anorexia. |
| Reptiles: Abscesses How are they treated? | Debride all of the abscess material. Topical and systemic antibiotics. Prevent trauma. Correct malnutrition. |
| Reptiles: Burns What are two main causes? | Improper use of heat lamps or hot rocks. |
| Reptiles: Burns What are two clinical signs? | Hyperemia: followed by necrosis of ventral skin. Secondary infections are common. |
| Reptiles: Burns How are they treated? | Correct husbandry. Apply Silvadene cream to wounds. Systemic antibiotics. High plane of nutrition. |
| Reptiles: Burns How can they be prevented? | Do not use hot rocks or direct heating pads. Animals should be able to escape heat source. |
| Reptiles: Temperature Control What are four means of maintaining animals at POTZ? | Preferred Optimum Temperature Zone can be maintained through use of multiple accurate thermometers in different locations of the enclosure. Hot rooms are ideal. Cage heating should be by heat lamp outside of enclosure. Caution with floor warmers. |
| Reptiles: Dystocia What is it? | Difficult birth |
| Reptiles: Dystocia What are two causes of obstructive dystocia? | Over-large eggs or fetuses. Maternal abnormalities of oviduct. |
| Reptiles: Dystocia What are four causes of non-obstructive dystocia? | Malnutrition. Environmental temperature problem. Improper nest site. Illness in female. |
| Reptiles: Dystocia How is it diagnosed? | PE, Ultrasound or radiographs. CBC/Chemistries. |
| Reptiles: Dystocia What are four ways of treating it? | POTZ, fluids, nutrition. Physical manipulation. Hormonal stimulation. Surgery. |
| ___ is an examination of an animal after its death to determine any diseases that were present during life. | Necropsy |
| ___ is the study of disease. | Pathology |
| ___ is the microscopic evaluation of tissue diseases. | Histopathology |
| ___ is any abnormality of tissue. | Lesion |
| ___ is the sequence of events that leads to disease. | Pathogenesis |
| What are four reasons we might perform a necropsy? | To determine the disease process or processes that led to the animal's death. Evaluate the accuracy of clinical diagnosis or the effectiveness or consequences of therapeutic measures. Diagnostic for herd health; prevent herd disease. |
| An effective necropsy is only possible with these six criteria: | knowledge of anatomy and gross pathology. Systematic evaluation of the body. Sample collection. Description of hx, live animal exam, necropsy findings. Images of findings. Proper preparation and shipping of samples. |
| What are five types of collections of samples? | Histopathology. Cytology. Microbiology: bacteria, virus, fungal. Toxicology. Parasitology. |
| Collection of Samples True or false: proper collection, preservation, and shipping of samples is essential for accurate results. | True |
| Collection of Samples True or false: culture samples should be collected rapidly after necropsy is initiated. | True |
| Collection of Samples True or false: you should contact the lab for collection and preservation recommendations, especially for toxicology samples. | True |
| Biohazard Risks True or false: large amounts of body fluids and blood may be exposed during the necropsy. | True |
| Biohazard Risks Personnel should always consider biohazard concerns to themselves and lab personnel. What are four possible biohazard exposure concerns? | Rabies. Mycobacterium. Leptospirosis. Aspergillosis. |
| Biohazard Risks True or false: always label all potential biohazards. | True |
| Rabies In the event of a rabies suspect, the head needs to be immediately submitted to the state diagnostic laboratory within __ hours of death with appropriate forms. | 24 hours |
| Rabies It is essential the that head be kept ___, but not ___. | Chilled. Frozen. |
| Rabies True or false: a necropsy on the body of a suspected rabies case should not be done until rabies results are available. | True |
| Rabies True or false: technicians should not perform decapitation of rabies suspects unless specifically trained for this procedure. | True |
| Rabies True or false: all submissions must be preapproved by the local health jurisdictions. | True |
| Toxicology If suspect for poisoning, stomach contents, urine, and blood serum should be collected and ___. | Frozen |
| Toxicology ___ and ___ organ samples should be collected and ideally saved both in formalin and by rapid freezing techniques. | Kidney. Liver. |
| Toxicology Any additional samples of lesions in any organ should be saved in ___. | formalin |
| Body Preservation True or false: Necropsy should be performed as soon after death as possible. | True |
| Body Preservation If a delay in necropsy is unavoidable, the body should be: | refrigerated and rapidly cooled |
| Body Preservation True or false: as soon as death occurs, tissue decay begins in delicate tissues. | True. brain, spinal cord, lungs, eyes. |
| Body Preservation True or false: if a body is frozen and then thawed, tissue damage will be extensive and histopathology quality will be poor. | True. Avoid freezing samples destined for necropsy. |
| What are five pieces of PPE recommended when performing a necropsy? | Apron or disposable gown. Exam or rubber gloves. Eye wear. Surgical masks. Protective footwear (large animal). |
| Equipment True or false: all equipment should be dedicated to necropsy exams. | True |
| Equipment What are four possible pieces of equipment you might use during a necropsy? | Scalpel. Scissors. Forceps. Bone cutters. |
| Equipment What are three possible pieces of additional equipment you might need for a necropsy? | Saws. Necropsy knifes. Sharpeners. |
| Necropsy Reports What three pieces of information are necessary? | Signalment. Hx (including Rx patient was given). Lesion description: location, number, color, size, shape, consistency, distribution, odor. |
| Collection of Samples Formalin __% is the most common tissue fixative for preservation. | 10% |
| Collection of Samples Tissue specimens should be < __ cm thick for correct fixing. | <1cm thick |
| Collection of Samples Ample formalin must be used. This equates to __x the volume of tissue. | 10x |
| Collection of Samples Formalin should be only handled with gloves in well-ventilated area. Why (2)? | Irritant. Carcinogen. |
| Sample Submission True or false: absolute diagnosis is rarely made at the time of necropsy. | True |
| Sample Submission True or false: results of histopathology, culture, and toxicology evaluation are usually where diagnosis is made. | True |
| Wildlife: Legalities It is legal for a vet or vet tech to have a wild animal in their possession for __ hours in most states including WA. | 48 hours. After that the animal needs to be transferred to a licensed wildlife rehabilitator. |
| Wildlife: Legalities True or false: emergency medicine may be provided for the wild animal. | True. Including: life stabilization, feedings, and surgery with consult or the center. |
| Wildlife: Legalities What should you do if your vet is unsure and worried about legalities? | Call a local rehabilitator to discuss a treatment plan. |
| Calls About Wildlife True or false: do not give advice on how the raise wildlife. | True |
| Calls About Wildlife True or false: it is illegal for anyone to possess wildlife or do home care. | True |
| Calls About Wildlife We are often the first person the public will contact. What should we do about this? | Have a contact list of wildlife centers. |
| Calls - Babies True or false: not all babies need rescuing. | True |
| Calls - Babies Fawns are often left alone for __ hours at a time. | 12 hours. |
| Calls - Babies Mother rabbits only come to the nest __ daily. | twice |
| Calls - Babies True or false: they are most likely orphaned if they are crying, injured, and moving around. | True |
| Calls - Juveniles True or false: they are often left for periods of time without a parent around. | True |
| Calls - Juveniles Fledgling birds are often on the ground for __-__ days before they can fly. This is normal. | 2-3 days |
| Calls - Juveniles True or false they need to learn how to survive without their parents, so monitor how long they are left alone. | True |
| Calls - Marine Mammals True or false: it is illegal for anyone to touch, go near or assess marine mammals, even veterinary professional. | True. Because of the Marine Mammal Act and is strongly enforced by NOAA. |
| Calls - Marine Mammals ___ pups are left for hours at a time on the beach and the mother will not come back if humans are around. Best to back away and report the "stranding." | Seal pups. |
| Calls - Nuisance What are some things that you can suggest to deter wildlife from entering properties? | Rags soaked in ammonia or bleach. Moth balls. Lights. Music. Flashers on trees. Take pet food inside. Close trash cans. Fencing open chicken coops. |
| Coming to the Vet What should you do when a wild animal comes in (3)? | Get information from the finder. Location found is important. Did they give the animal food or water? Have them leave a number just in case we have further questions. |
| Coming to the Vet What are three reasons to give to finders of wildlife who want to keep the animal? | They carry many zoonotic diseases. They can become very aggressive and unhappy in captivity. They are meant to be in the wild and may have a family or mate. |
| What are three things to keep in mind when confining wildlife? | Keep them in a dark, quiet space. Look at the size and age of the animal (if it is small it may need a Tupperware container with lots of air holes.) If it is a baby, keep it warm with blankets or rice socks. |
| Physical Exam: Wildlife Describe basic steps: | Go slow. Far exam. Get weight. Contact rehabilitation center before administering fluids and nutritional supplementation. |
| Wildlife: Medications True or false: they should only be administered after attaining permission from the rehabilitation center about treatment plan. | True |
| True or false: corvids (crows and ravens), geese, raptors, and fawns imprint easily. | True. Handle them very litter. Hide your human form if possible and remain quiet around them. |
| Orphaned mammals need to be fed how often? Feed with dilutions to avoid diarrhea and bloat. What should be done after they are fed, if their eyes are closed or they are very young? | Every 2 -3 hours. Stimulate them to defecate or micturate by using a cotton ball soak in warm water and stimulate the genitals. |
| For baby birds, what can be blended to make a slurry? | Cat food and hot water |
| True or false: most baby birds will "gape" once they are warm. | True. Fling head back and open beak. |
| Nestlings are fed every __ - __ minutes. Fledglings (mini adults) are fed every ___ to 1.5 hours. | 15-30 minutes. 1-1.5 hours. |
| What are three species that commonly refuse to take a bottle? | squirrels, bunnies, opossums. They need to have a gavage tube placed and be fed directly that way. Squirrels need to have a nipple attached to a syringe. |
| Species of Concern The ___ is the only rabies vector in WA state. | Bats |
| Species of Concern True or false: rabies positive bats can transmit rabies through saliva. This includes spitting. | True |
| Species of Concern ___ are a difficult species because they carry the roundworm Balisascaris procyonis. Why is this a concern? | Raccoons. This is zoonotic, communicable, and very lethal. Throw away everything that a raccoon comes in contact with. |
| Seabirds If you get a seabird in, it HAS to go on a __ bottom cage, a very padded kennel, or be given a keel wrap. | net bottom cage. If this is not done, it can cause keel and foot lesions in the first 12 hours which are fatal to these species. |
| True or false: seabirds are any of the pelagic birds that never go on land. Their legs are set very far back and cannot stand on land. | True |
| True or false: when caring for seabirds use only white things. The oils from dyes can affect waterproofing. | True. Gloves, towels, vet wrap, and bedding. Where goggles. |
| True or false: seabirds require tubed LRS every four hours to avoid feather impaction while they preen. 5% body weight is efficient. | True. Always wear gloves. |
| What are five common seabirds in this area? | Murres. Loons. Mergansers. Grebes. Guillemots. |
| What are the two top reasons that wild reptiles are presented to a veterinary clinic. | Turtles with broken shells and snakes that get hit by cars. |
| What are some common injuries of wildlife snakes? | skin tears, problems shedding, and wounds from attack. Can apply silvadine. Give warm water bath for shedding issues. Add vitamin B to water bath. |
| Oiled Wildlife Never ___!!! Make sure to keep very hydrated and stable until they can go to the wildlife center. | Bathe. You can clean nares and eyes until transport. Where gloves. Oil and fuel hard in lead and could cause lead poisoning. |
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