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SOILS WSET diploma
| Term | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| Alluvial mostly, but calcareous deposits close to the Andes exist (Caliche) | Argentina | |
| ARG General - Lower altitudes | loamy - clay richer in nutrients | |
| CAN Ontario | More clay/sand, less rock/gravel, limestone near lake shore (ancient seabed) | |
| CAN Prince Edward County | Broad Limestone plateau, stony topsoil, irradiates heat at night | |
| CAN Okanagan Valley | various glacial deposits, particularly loams, increasingly (S). irrigation is essential. | Chain of lake valleys - moderating effect + irrigation water |
| CAN Similkameen Valley | Rugged Rocky | Narrow strip surrounding river valley - less moderation in summer, very hot days |
| CHI General - River valleys | fertile | |
| gravel, sand, silt | ARG General - Mid altitudes CHI General - Slopes / Mid Altitudes | |
| CHI Andes | Volcanic, granite | |
| Outcrops of Limestone in the Coquimbo region, where? | Limari, which grape variety enjoying success? | Chardonnay, limestone helps water retention. (PN, SY, also planted in moderated sites. + CS,CAR,ME in exposed/waremer sites) |
| GER Roter Hang | Rotliegenden soil - iron-rich red soil = slate, clay and sandstone | |
| GER Mittelhaardt | variety of soils, including limestone, sandstone, basalt and clay Pfalz | |
| GER Südliche Weinstrasse | Fertile sandstone Pfalz - Further South of Mittelhaardt New generation of winemakers exploiting SP, GB, WB | |
| GER Kaiserstuhl | extinct volcano Bereich in Baden Fullest SPAT - complex, smoky, ripe steep S facing slopes | |
| GER Tuniberg / Breisgau | significant pockets of calcareous soils Bereichs in Baden more acidity more delicate fruit flavours | |
| GER Mosel | Dark-coloured slate soil (grey, blue, brown, red) | |
| GER Wurzburg | chalky S-SE facing slopes Franken! | full-bodied, dry silvaner floral - wet stone aroma |
| GER Wurzburg to the West | To west, sandstone terraces. SPATB | |
| GER Nahe - E/S facing banks | Slate sandstone steep terraces | between Schlossböckelheim and Bad Kreuznach warmest conditions Moderation form Nahe+Rhine Max sunlight Some slopes as steep as Mosel mix of slate and sandstone |
| GER Hochheim | sand, loam, loess | Around River Main not Rhein |
| GER W of Hocheim | slate and sandstone | Rheingau terraces W of Hochheim |
| GER Ahr | dark slate, greywacke (dark sandstone) | 83% black var. Possible narrow, sheltered valley, S slopes + Heat retaining dark slate and greywacke Traditionally, late harvest and residual sugar. Nowadays, ferment to dryness. High tannins and spice notes. = VG - SPAT |
| ARG Sites for calcareous soils (Caliche) | CALCAREOUS source of high quality GUALTALLARY Tupungato - UCO PARAJE ALTAMIRA San Carlos - UCO PEDERNAL VALLEY - SAN JUAN | |
| Rotliegenden soils where are they found and what characteristics to the wine? | Roter Hang vineyard W slopes between Nackenheim and Nierstein. Rieslings from the Roter Hang are said to show smoky characteristics. | Roter Hang is located in the Rheinhessen |
| Niagara Peninsula soils and microclimates | Variety of soils and microclimates | Plains, escarpment (benches and gentle N slopes, flat area on-the-lake |
| Warm and fertile valley floors in Chile | Central Valley in general, more specifically mentioned on D£ notes: Rapel - Cachapoal, Colchagua | |
| Oregon | free-draining Marine sedimentary volcanic loess | |
| Rockpile | Little water holding soils | |
| Dry Creek V. | Valley - Gravel , sandy, loam / Slopes - Gravel red clay loam | Reducing Yields |
| Alexander V. | Valley - Fertile / Altitude - low nutrient, free-draining sand/gravel | |
| Knights V. | Warm Free-draining volcanic soils | |
| Chalk Hill | White Volcanic Ash | |
| RRV | Yellow Sandstone to rocky sandy, clay, loam | |
| Green Valley of RRV | Free draining low nutrient sandstone | |
| NAPA - Mountain | Thin and poor = Low yi, conc. grapes | |
| NAPA - Mid / E Valley Floor | Silt and Clay = Highest fertility + water retaining, less structure | |
| NAPA - Benches | Alluvial fans - deep rocky, WEST side of the valley, bottom of mountains, deposition of sediments by streams | Moderate fertility |
| Livermore V | Stony soils, free draining. | |
| Monterey AVA | Sandy, Loam, Gravel - irrigation essential. Salinas river on valley floor, water available | |
| Chalone | Granite and Limestone - low yi, concentrated grapes | |
| Santa Lucia Highlands | alluvial terrace, SE, overlooking Salinas V. - winds | |
| Paso Robles | Calcareous and clay soils allow for dry-farming | |
| Santa Rita Hills | Calcium Rich soils. Mix of soils | |
| Los Olivos D. | Alluvial Terraces - santa Ynez r. | |
| Lodi | Sandy and clay-loam - free draining. Mokelumne r. irrigation | |
| Sierra Foothills AVA | Sand , clay, loam from decomposed granite - allows dry-farming | |
| Willamette V. genreal | Valley floor - fertile/loam (PG more sited) / Higher alt - marine sedimentary (sandstone), volcanic basalt and loess | |
| Dundee Hills | Jory - red iron-rich clay from volcanic basalt = important retaining water / aids proper ripening | |
| Chehalem Mountains | Diversity - soils/aspects | |
| Ribbon Ridge | Sedimentary / low nutrients + moderate water holding capacity | |
| Yamhill-Carlton | ancient sedimentary soils - warm / free-draining. 970ha vast majority PN | |
| Van Duzer Corridor | marine sedimentary, loam, silt | |
| Eola-Amity Hills | volcanic basalt over sedimentary soil | |
| Hudson River Region AVA | Shale, slate, schist, limestone. | |
| Long Island - North Fork AVA | Sandy | |
| Long island - Hamptons AVA | Silt loam, free draining, low fertility. | |
| Columbia Valley AVA | Complex soils. Basalt bedrock. Sand silty loess. Alluvial topsoils. IRRIGATION IS ESSENTIAL | LOW PHYLL RISK ON SANDY SOILS + very low water availability |
| Wahluke Slope AVA | Sandy free-draining soils. Gentle S facing slopes | |
| GER Nahe - W facink banks | W - COOLER CONDITIONS Harvest 2w later gentle slopes, deeper / fertile soils | |
| General - Austria | "THIN SOILS OVER ROCK - granite or gneiss, crystalline bedrock Urgestein) RICHER SOILS - loess (some clay)" | |
| Other types of soils - Austria | OTHER TYPES - limestone/schist (Leithaberg Hills) gravel/volcanic (Steiermark, parts of Kamptal | |
| Wachau | "Varied soils - Steep terraces - best S facing Stone terr. heat retaining + danube reflection" | |
| Steiemark | Many vineyards are on steep hills and have terraces | |
| Which variety in Austria is found on Urgestein bedrock thin soils? | Riesling, THIN SOILS OVER ROCK - granite or gneiss, crystalline bedrock Urgestein) | |
| Which variety in Austria is found on Loess/Clay? | Gruner Veltliner | |
| Hundreds of extinct volcanoes - Deep volcanic bedrock - soft | Tokaj / Hungary | - allows deep rooting + water and nutrient availability Soft volcanic soil = ideal for digging cellars. Also allows Zasmidium cellare in cellars. |
| Urgestein | Means bedrock in German | |
| What are the topsoils in Tokaj | Topsoils: nyirok (volcanic) - powerful wines. Loess - lighter delicate | |
| Greece general soils | Tend to be low in fertility, yields are traditionally low apart from fertile plains | |
| Greece variety of soils | Limestone to volcanic Water holding capacity is a key influence in each area. | |
| Phylloxera free sandy soils in Greece, which POP? | Amynteo - old vines, concentrated grapes | |
| POP with complex soils and microclimates in Macedonia? | POP NAOUSSA | based more on aspect and topography than altitude. A number of producers are now making village or single-vineyard wines, which can highlight the variations between different areas of the region. |
| Very mountainous. Poor, rocky soils. - Small area of flat land - plains around Patra - hotter more fertile - WHERE? | Peloponese | |
| Which POP is subdivided in 3 zones, what are the characteristics? | POP NEMEA valley floor - fertile 230-400m mid - poor free draining soils 450-650m high - cool clay soils 650-1,000m | valley - inexp / hotter mid - high quality / rango microclimates, talk of cru system high - rose outside POP, struggle to ripen |
| Santorini | Volcanic soils. Infertile, low vigour and low yielding | |
| Portuguese mountainous regions | Schist or granite | Vinho Verde, Douro, Dao |
| Outcrops of what are found in hilly sites of Alentejo? | Granite | |
| Which soils are found in coastal Portuguese regions? | Clay with limestone, sandy or alluvial (further South) | Bairrada, Lisboa, Tejo, Setubal |
| Riverbank of Tejo, which soils? | FERTILE alluvial soils | |
| VINHO VERDE DOC | "Granitic bedrock, shallow topsoil of decomposed granite with sandy texture. | |
| Good drainage. Low fertility, fertilisers (manure) are needed" | ||
| Douro DOC | "Soils: schist bedrock. shallow decomposed schist topsoil. | Stores little water. Splits in vertical layers. Root penetration |
| DAO DOC | "weathered granite, sandy and loamy texture. | Low in organic matter (restrains vigour), free draining. Water stress is an issue." |
| BAIRRADA DOC | West. Fertile alluvial soils (river estuaries) and limestone-clay. | |
| Cantanhede - unnoficial Bairrada sub-region | clay - limestone pebbles and rocks. Reflect energy back. Warmer, extensive Baga plantings | |
| Lisboa DOC - Serra do Montejunto | "Western side - wet weather, strong winds. Clay-limestone soils. Lighter body, fresher wines. Eastern side - more protected. Riper, fuller-bodied wines." | |
| Colares and Carcavelos DOC | Ungrafter bush vines. Phylloxera-free sandy soils. | |
| Tejo VR and Alentejo DOC | "North - higher rainfall, clay-limestone and schist soils.Mainly red wines. Along river - fertile soils. Vigor needs to be controlled. Mainly white wines. South - driest and hottest. Poor sandy soils. Red and white wines." | |
| Rias Baixas | free draining sand over granite bedrock | |
| Ribeira Sacra | Stony slopes | |
| Bierzo | flat plain, lower slopes - silty loam fertile | |
| Bierzo | hillside 500-850m poor slate, good drainage | |
| Toro | Sandy soils | |
| Rueda | BEDROCK of limestone, with a sandy clay sub-layer and then a topsoil of stones, some areas topsoil of sand | |
| Rioja | Varied soil multiple aspects / tributtaries to river Ebro | |
| Rioja Alta | Near Ebro, low altitudes , alluvial soils | |
| Rioja Alta NW | Calcareous clay / Cooler / wetter | |
| Rioja Alta S | Patches of Ferrous clay, 700m alt, relatively cool/wet | |
| Rioja Alavesa | Calcareous clay 700m alt. / Cooler / wetter | |
| Rioja Oriental S | Calcareous and ferrous clay mix | |
| CATAL/ CARINE / Campo de Borja | Rocky - free draining soils | |
| Penedes | Loamy with calcareous components | |
| Priorat | Stony and poor, some outcrops of clay | |
| Priorat | Llicorella - thin, rocky, poor nutrient, mica = light reflecting | |
| Montsant General | Clay-based / Sand | |
| Montsant S | patches Llicorella | |
| Montsant N / E | higher limestone content | |
| Costers Del Segre | Sandy / free-draining | |
| Jumilla | Sand over a layer of limestone | |
| Yecla | Mix of sand and limestone | |
| La Mancha | Limestone and Chalk | |
| Lanzarote | Layer of dark volcanic ash - vines planted in craters dug in ash | |
| Much of the land is flat and sandy. Where in portugal? | Peninsula de Setubal VR | |
| Barbaresco | Tortonian Calcareus clay - matures faster | |
| Barolo / La Morra (N/W villages) | Blue-grey marl. More aromatic, lighter / Tortonian Calcareus marl - matures faster | |
| Monforte / Serralunga D'Alba (S/E villages) | Yellow-grey compacted sand and clay. Less fertile. Wines closed and tannic in youth. / Helvetian sandstone based calcareous clay | |
| Alto Adige | volcanic porphyry, quartz and mica rock and Dolomitic limestone, | |
| Friuli - plains | "Plain - more fertile / PG, ME - typically higher yi | Friuli Isonzo DOC (best q. right bank Isonzo neighbouring Collio" Grave del Friuli DOC (mostly volume wines)/ |
| Friuli - low hills | "Low hills - 200m, range of slopes / exposures wind - Lower yi / higher cost / Calcareous marl / sandstone- compacted marl PONCA | Collio DOC Colli Orientali del Friuli DOC" |
| Veneto - general | fertile plains, hillsides, less fertility better drainage | |
| Soave - North | "N - Foothils - Limestone + clay and/or volcanic rocks (basalt) | Naturally cool soils - slow down ripening |
| Soave - South | S - flat plain - River Adige" | |
| Valpolicella | N - limestone/clay + basaltic volcanic rocks S - flat plain - fruitier, less acid, less conc / Gravel / Sand - Warmer" | |
| Galestro | clay-marl schist chianti Classico crumbly rock | Aromatic - potential to age |
| Albarese | calcareous with clay good drainage rest of Chianti zone (but some in Classico too) | Clay: more structure and body. |
| other soils in Tuscany? | Clay-limestone - throughout and Montepulciano Clay Gravel - Maremma / coast" sandstone and sandy soils | |
| N- foothills of mountains - clay-limestone and basalt S - more fertile, flat Where in NE Italy? | Both Valpolicella and Soave | |
| Chianti Classico DOCG General | Good drainage, sufficient water holding capacity. | |
| Brunello di Montalcino DOCG | "limestone, clay, schist, volcanic, galestro | |
| Where in Tuscany? N - Galestro-based + higher elevations(aromatic wines) | Brunello di Montalcino DOCG | |
| Where in Tuscany? S - more clay (fuller bodied wines)." | Brunello di Montalcino DOCG | |
| Vernacia di san Gimignano DOCG | Sandstone soils | |
| Vino Nobile de Montepulciano DOCG | Soils from heavy-cool clay (fuller-bodied) to sand (aromatic) | Free draining and water retaining." |
| Marche | "Soils principally limestone and clay (as in Tuscany) | |
| Abbruzzo | Hilly vs plain (more fertile) | |
| Umbria | Similar to tuscany, hilly landscape | |
| Campania - Limestone and clay in hills. | Fiano di Avellino DOCG, Greco di Tufo DOCG, Taurasi DOCG. | |
| -Volcanic and sandy (around Naples). | Campi Flegrei DOC (Falanghina and Piedirosso) Vesuvio DOC (Coda di Volpe, Piedirosso) | |
| -Alluvial sediments. | Sannio DOC, Beneventano IGP" | |
| Greco di Tufo DOCG | Limestone and clay | |
| Fiano di Avellino DOCG | Lighter, fruitier from open, sandy soils. Weightier wines from clay dominated soils. | |
| Aglianico del Vulture DOC | Clay, limestone and volcanic soils. Volcanic layers - good drainage. Clay and limestone hold water. | |
| Puglia | Fertile | |
| Sicily | from the volcanic soils around Etna to calcareous sedimentary soils in the West. | |
| N-S Cru beaujolais and soils (not on notes) | St-amour - granite clay schis limestone Julienas - Schist, diorites Chenas - granite schist, alluvial clay Moulin-a-vent - pink granite Fleurie - 90% pink granite | Chiroubles - Eroded granitic sand Morgon - granite, clay, blue schist stones and volcanic rock Reignie - Granite and clay-loam Brouilly - blue/black volcanic, layers limestone Cote de brouilly - blue stones and diorites |
| Beaujolais Northern part. Hilly (200-500m) | "Fast draining granite, schist and sandy soils. | |
| Beaujolais flatter areas | Flatter southern part. Richer soils. | |
| Soils very varied - mosaic of terroirs (13 different soil types) - Where in France? | Alsace | |
| West facing slopes of Jura Mountains (250-400m) | Clay, marl and limestone/ Grassed rows to reduce erosion and limit herbicide use | |
| Left bank Bordeaux | Gravel - heat retaining. deposits from floodwaters from the Pyrenees and the Massif Central. | Depending on origin mixed with clay and sand. Gravel mounds not specially high (Margaux highest 32m) |
| Pockets of clay in which Left bank commune? | ST ESTEPHE. not same acclaim | |
| Bordeaux right bank is clay dominated, are there exceptions? | significant patches of gravel in Libournais area. | Best grapes from limestone plateau and gravel section of Pomerol |
| Petit Chablis AOC | Petit - Portlandian - HARD LIMESTONE WITH LESS CLAY - flat/gentle slopes - higher/cooler | |
| Chablis AOC | Chablis - Kimmeridgian - mixed aspects - flat gentle slopes | |
| Chablis 1er Cru AOC | Premier Cru - Kimmeridgian - 40 VINEYARDS - S/SE slopes w. Some lieux-dit - better drained/frost protected | |
| Chablis GC AOC | Grand Cru - Kimmeridgian - CRUMBLY MARL GOOD DRAINAGE AND HIGH CLAY = H20 RETENTION - S/SW slopes right bank of Serein - mid slope - better drained/frost protected - tree belt = shelter from N winds = ageability. | |
| Burgundy general (except Chablis) | Clay + Limestone CDN - limestone dominated CDB - clay dominated + deeper - Chardonnay (highly regarded) Chalonnaise + Macon = range of clay and limestones | |
| too thin top (vines cannot thrive) bottom very poor drainage and higher fertility = more vigour more vegetative growth = more shading = less ripening potential. - WHICH AOC IN BURGUNDY? | Clos De Vougeot | |
| Flat land beyond top of the slope - Higher altitude, lack of protection from weather, poorer sunlight and richer soils. Less concentration and structure. WHERE IN BURGUNDY? | Generic appellations | |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAND CRU SOILS/ASPECTS IN BURGUNDY | Mid-slope. Premier crus surrounding them. Full ripeness achieved even in cooler years. Poor but adequate shallow soils, good drainage, protection from weather system and good sunlight. Wines with concentration, balance and length. | |
| Flat land at bottom of slope. D974 road, from Dijon through and beyond Beaune, generally divides village level above it from the generic appellation below it. | Generic Bourgogne appellation. | |
| Lowest part of the slope. Soils richer and less well drained. Fruit does not reach same level of ripeness. Wines of very good quality and character where in Burgundy? | Village level. | |
| Premier crus warmer, south south-east, well drained limestone soils. Riper fruit. Higher quality wines. Where in Burgundy? | Cote Chalonnaise | |
| BERGERAC AOC | Clay and limestone soils w. Some gravel | |
| Cahors AOC | Rich alluvial soils next to River lot, mid slopes with poorer soils, high plateau (Causses) at 350m with low nutrient limestone | |
| Madiran AOC | 4 large ridges N-S. West facing slopes. Clay and limestone. Tannic wines for ageing. | Dry southern Fohn wind - enables Tannat to ripen fully. |
| Flatter land, clay and loam. Less tannins and earlier drinking tannat wines, where in France? | Madiran AOC | |
| Jurancon AOC | Soils limestone, sand, clay and stones. | |
| Pays Nantais | well drained soils help to offset. | |
| Anjou-Saumur & Touraine | Clay-limestone / Flint-clay / Sand / Gravel / Tuff | |
| ANJOU | schist / limestone | |
| TOURAINE | chalk" | |
| Savennieres AOC | S facing slopes, low-fertility, rocky schist soils, low yields. Concentration and ripeness. | |
| Saumur-Champigny AOC | Chalk, flint and clay. Good drainage and water holding. (drought) | |
| Bourgueil AOC, St-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil AOC, Chinon AOC | "Sand, lightest wines and for early drinking Gravel Clay limestone, most structured and long lived wines" | |
| Vouvray AOC | "Flinty, clay, limestone over tuff. More clay further from Loire river - inhibits ripening | |
| Flinty soils in PF and Sancerre? | Silex: Accumulates heat. Early ripening. Where in Sancerre? What characteristics in the wine? | Les Romains Stony and smoky wines. |
| Limestone and marl. (same as Chablis) what soil in Sancerre? | Terres Blanches Where and what it does? | Côte des Monts Damnés Cul de Beaujeu Slow ripening. Most structured wines. Need time in bottle. Age well. |
| 25-40mm very shallow soils over limestone. Early drinking styles. Most aromatic | Caillottes | |
| Chateauneuf | Limestone, clay, sandstone and sandy soils. (clay helpful for h2o retention) Low fertility, fast draining. Large pebbles (galets roules) - warming effect. (less valued than in the past = high sugar) | |
| N Rhone | Steep slopes. Some Terraced. Erosion is a problem, thiner and poor soils on best sites | |
| Minervois La Liviniere AOC. Red only | Limestone terrace. Gentle slopes. 400m Very good drainage, sun exposure, cooling. Higher acidity levels. | |
| Where in France? - Northern zone arid, schist soils. Southern area: clay-limestone? | Saint-Chinian AOC - Nother zone = Saint-Chinian Roquebrun AOC & Saint-Chinian Berlou AOC | |
| Faugeres AOC | lowe fertility schist soils. | |
| Two areas. Coastal is flat, low plains. Clay and limestone soils. Less concentrated wines. Inland is montainous, fast draining schist. Higher flavour concentration. WHERE IN FRANCE? | Fitou AOC | |
| General | Relatively Fertile soils | |
| Gisborne | Flat, fertile floodplain - clay, loam, silt. Hillsides poorer soils = higher quality | |
| Hawke's Bay | Gravelly alluvial soils (similar to the Medoc) | |
| Gimblett Gravels | Stony topsoil, nightime heat release, free-draining | |
| Bridge Pa | Deeper topsoil, sandy and clay loam. Retains more water, limits need for irrigation | |
| Wairarapa | Range, mostly alluvial gravel with silt loam and loess, free-draining | |
| Marlborough | FREE DRAINING Alluvial soils. Irrigation IMPORTANT from underground aquifers | |
| Marlb. - LARGEST Wairau valley | "Former river bed = Gravel, silt, loam and clay. Warm soils / free draining = IRRIGATION | Varied soils = in general more fertile nearer the coast. Provide warmth to extend growing season." |
| Marlb. - Southern Valleys | More clay. Cooler = slower ripening / harvest up to 2 weeks later. Retains water. | |
| Nelson - Moutere Hills | Clay soils, sandy loam topsoil. Low Nutrients but water retention = dry farming possible | |
| Nelson - Waimea Plain | "Waimea Plain: Former riverbed. Alluvial soils. Fine Silt and clay loams. Moderate fertility. | High rainfall. VERY Free draining soils. Irrigation." |
| North Canterbubury - Waipara V. | Valley floor gravelly sand loam, lighter. Slopes, clay limestone, more intense. | |
| North Canterbubury - Waikari | Hills inland. Clay-limestone. Strong acclaim | |
| Waitaki Valley | Underlying limestone. | |
| Central Otago | Range of soils. Gravel to clay. Schist parent rock = many soils low in organic matter. = COMPOST + COVER CROPS | |
| Australia | Oldest continent, complex geology, all rock types | |
| Coonawarra | "Terra Rossa - narrow strip central core of the GI - expensive land | |
| free draining, iron rich LOAM 50cm deep over HARD LIMESTONE BASE (hard to penetrate / limits the access to water) some dry farming (subterraneous aquifers SOFT LIMESTONE LAYERS under the hard base), but irrigation is commonplace" | Terra Rossa | slightly alkaline - limits nutrient uptake |
| Coonawarra - Other soils | Other soils - some limestone, brown and black clay - retain more water = more vigour less concentration | |
| McLaren Vale | "40 unique soils - complex geology - all major soil types are present - sand to loam to clay. | In general poorer soils to the N and deeper richer soils to the south" |
| McLaren V. - Blewitt Springs | sand over clay - helps water retention - old bush dry farmed | |
| Big Rivers | Sandy = irrigation necessary | |
| Barossa Valley | N of the valley - Ironstone layer - H2O retention = some of the most ageworthy wines | |
| Eden Valley | Not a valley, rolling exposed hills. Mostly good water retention soils - dry farming more common than Barossa V | |
| Adelaide Hills | Variety of aspects and soils | |
| Clare Valley | Polish hill - slate - low fertility - less aroma + flinty / age worthy -> toast and honey | |
| Clare Valley | Watervale - limestone - more fertile - more aromatic floral / young drinking | |
| Macedon Ranges | Hillsides of granitic sandy loams. Lower slopes deeper loams | |
| Lower Yarra | Loamy, Clay, low fertility and well drained - irrigation necessary | |
| Upper Yarra | Deeper and more fertile volcanic - dry farming is an option | |
| Mornington Peninsula - Red Hill | Red basalt Soils, retain winter rainwater, no irrigation needed. Fertile, needs vigour mgmt (Lyre f.ex.) | |
| Mornington P. - away f. ridge | mainly free-draining clay and sand - irrigation necessary | |
| Geelong | Red brown clay over hard clay base | |
| Grampians | Acidic soils, negative impact on yield and vgour, needs lime treatment | |
| Pyrenees | Similar soils to grampains - Acidic | |
| King Valley | Soils are generally well drained loam w. high fertility - vigour needs to be managed | |
| Heathcote | Calcareous red soil, weathered greenstone. Dry-farming is an option | |
| Hunter Region | Sandy loam - clay loam over clay base | |
| Orange | Ancient volcano. Mount Canobolas. - 600-900m | |
| Margaret River | Free draining gravelly soils | |
| South Africa low nutrient and water-retention properties. Need careful attention to irrigation and fertilisation. | Table Mountain sandstone | |
| South Africa foothill slopes of mountains and in hilly areas. They have good water- retention properties - potential for dry-farming | Granite | |
| South Africa good nutrient levels and good water-retention properties - potential for dry-farming. | Shale | |
| S.AF. PAARL | Various mesoclimates, soils and aspects. | |
| S.AF. DURBANVILLE WARD | "Shale soils / Tygerberg Hills High water holding capacity" | |
| S.AF. STELLENBOSCH | "Range of sites - sand, alluvial - valley floor close to bay granite, shale - Simonsberg slopes" | |
| S.AF. CONSTANTIA WARD | Granite soils over sandstone. Good drainage | |
| S.AF. SWARTLAND | Range of soils, mostly low fertility granite and shale | |
| S.AF. WELLINGTON | Building reputation for Shiraz and powerful red blends. Alluvial terraces (or benches) towards Swartland/Hawequa mountains - Creating a varied mesoclimate | |
| S.AF. BREEDEKLOOF | Varied soils and aspects. | |
| S.AF. WORCESTER | Relies heavily on irrigation. Loamy soils, very fertile = historic. High vol. | |
| S.AF. hemel-en-aarde | Clay predominant. Water holding capacity / Cover crops are used to reduce evaporation. | |
| IGNEOUS SOILS - CONCEPT AND EXAMPLES | cooling and solidification of magma or lava from within or without the Earth’s crust. intrusive or extrusive | Volcanic Granite |
| extrusive soil formed from cooled, hardened, and weathered lava. | Volcanic soil | high proportions of iron, resulting in black- or red-colored earth, and is thought to sometimes impart an ashy, rusty taste to wines. |
| Formed under the Earth’s crust by slowly cooling magma mixed with quartz | Granite | Its elevated pH promotes high acidity, and the rock is porous enough to create deep-rooted vines, producing layered, subtle, blossoming aromas and flavors that can develop for years. |
| METAMORPHIC SOILS | Metamorphic soils have been transformed from another type of rock through heat and pressure over millions of years. | SLATE SCHIST GNEISS |
| Teroldego Rotaliano DOC | sandy and gravelly soils | Outside the T-R DOC, cannot be bottled as Trentino DOC Can be bottled as Vini delle Dolomitti IGT |
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