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Radiology 2
Final and Practicum Review - Done
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are four things we must remember for patient positioning for Skull radiographs. | General anesthesia. ET may need to be removed or re-positioned. Measure the widest width of the cranium. Measurement of the nasal passages is taken slightly rostral to the widest area to avoid over-exposing the air-filled sinuses. |
| Why do we generally need to use general anesthesia for skull radiographs. | To avoid patient movement artifact and make positioning easier as positioning needs to be precise. |
| Skull Views to Know: Purpose Positioning, Labeling Lateral Skull (Survey) | |
| Skull Views to Know: Purpose Positioning, Labeling DV and VD Skull (Survey) | |
| Skull Views to Know: Purpose Positioning, Labeling Skyline View | |
| Skull Views to Know: Purpose Positioning, Labeling Keyhole View | |
| Skull Views to Know: Purpose Positioning, Labeling VD Rostrocaudal Nasal, Open Mouth Projection | |
| Skull Views to Know: Purpose Positioning, Labeling Lateral Oblique Tympanic Bullae | Right Lateral recumbency for left bullae. Left lateral recumbency for right bullae. Center over ear for both dorsal and ventral skull. Label both right & left on same view: patient recumbency near nose. Bulla or TMJ of interest caudally. Open mouth. C1 |
| Skull Views to Know: Purpose Positioning, Labeling DV Tympanic Bullae | |
| Skull: Patient Positioning True or false: nearly all patients require general anesthetic as positioning must be precise. | True |
| Skull: Patient Positioning True or false: the ET tube usually needs to be removed or repositioned so as not to interfere. | True |
| Skull: Patient Positioning True or false: measure the widest width of the cranium for survey skull radiographs. | True |
| Skull: Patient Positioning True or false: measurement of the nasal passages is taken slightly rostral to the widest area to avoid over-exposing the air-filled sinuses. | True |
| Turbinates Their pattern changes at the level of ___. | PM3 - premolar 3 |
| Turbinates Maxillary turbinates have a ___ pattern. | linear |
| Turbinates Ethmoid turbinates have a more ___ pattern. | coarse |
| Skull Views to Know: Purpose Positioning, Labeling Lateral Oblique Tympanic Bullae (part 2) | A roll of tape or syringe case can be used to keep the mouth open. Remember to have head at a 30 degree angle to isolate the bullae of interest. Skull higher than jaw. Include part of C1 in view. ET tube usually not an issue. |
| General: Limb Radiography Long bones of the limbs should include the: | proximal and distal joints on the film. |
| General: Limb Radiography True or false: Joints of the limbs: center the central x-ray beam to the joint under examination. | True |
| General: Limb Radiography Why do we do comparative films? | A view of the opposite limb can be taken if their is question as to what you are seeing and compare the two. |
| General: Limb Radiography: Views of the Limbs What are the two most common views? | Craniocaudal and dorsopalmar/plantar |
| General: Limb Radiography: Lateral views Limb to be radiographed is placed: | On the cassette. Pull the affected limb forward and retract the other limb. The lateral view silhouettes the cranial and caudal surfaces of the bones. Craniocaudal or dorsopalmar views silhouette the medial and lateral structures of the limb. |
| What are the five spinal regions? | Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal |
| Positioning True or false: vertebral column must be parallel to the table top. | True. Use towel or foam to support nose, neck, and hip. Remember to support sternum. |
| Positioning True or false: the transverse process of the vertebrae should be perpendicular to the table. | True |
| Collimation The x-ray beam diverges towards the edges of the collimation and will create image distortion in this area. For this reason, it is important to: | Collimate only over a few vertebral bodies, especially when evaluating the T-L, and L-S junctions for disc disease. |
| OFA HIP CERTIFICATION: Radiograph Requirements ___ recumbency with the rear legs ___ and ___ to each other is the preferred positioning. This standard ____ view is the basis for evaluation of hip joint status with respect to Hip Dysplasia. | Dorsal. Extended (Caudally). Parallel. Ventrodorsal. |
| OFA HIP CERTIFICATION: Radiograph Requirements Good contrast is desirable: High ___ and low ___. | mAs. kVp. |
| OFA HIP CERTIFICATION: Radiograph Requirements True or false: Grid techniques are recommended for all large dogs. | True |
| OFA HIP CERTIFICATION: Radiograph Requirements True or false: the sacram and stifles must be included in view. | True (Wing of Ileum don't). |
| What are five patient preparation points to remember for a Contrast Study? | Food withheld 12-24 hours. If needed administer enema. Sedation may be needed. Should avoid drugs w/ anticholinergic effects (Atropine). Always start w/ a scout film. Given proper amount of contrast agent. Under-dosing causes artifact filling defects. |
| Patient prep for Contrast Study True or false: avoid getting contrast agent on fur. Radiographs must be carefully timed and labeled to show time from start of study. | True |
| Barium Impregnated Poly Spheres (BIPS) They were created to study: | Gastrointestinal motility |
| Barium Impregnated Poly Spheres (BIPS) They can also be used to identify areas of: | intestinal stricture of obstruction |
| Barium Impregnated Poly Spheres (BIPS) True or false: time labeling is very important! | True |
| What is a Excretory Urography? What is another name for this procedure? | An intravenous radiographic contrast study of the kidneys and ureters. Intravenous Urogram (IVU) or Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP). |
| How is a Excretory Urograph (i.e. Intravenous Urogram (IVU) or Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) performed? | Iodinated contrast medium circulates through the blood, is filtered out by the kidneys, flows through the ureters and collects in the bladder. |
| What are three cautions to remember when performing a Excretory Urograph (i.e. Intravenous Urogram (IVU) or Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)? | Any urinary samples for diagnostic purposes should be taken prior to injection of contrast. May need to place indwelling IV catheter. |
| Why do we place an indwelling IV catheter when performing a Excretory Urograph (i.e. Intravenous Urogram (IVU) or Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)? | May produce an allergic type reaction (due to hyperosmolar injection) within 1-5 minutes of injection. so preparations must be taken for potential reaction. These reactions are rare, but may be fatal. |
| What are six precautions to remember when performing a Cystography? | Should take any samples prior to injection of contrast. Should take precautions to prevent any trauma associated with urinary catheterization. Barium sulfate and sodium iodine is contraindicated. Be cautious of any spillage (urination with contrast.) |
| What are six precautions to remember when performing a Cystography? continued | Be cautious if any room air is injected. May cause a fatal air embolism. Do not over-distend the bladder. |
| What four things do you need to remember before taking a large animal radiograph? | If there is any metal on halter, switch to rope halter. Take appropriate measurements. Have all safety equipment on. Move those without film badges to a safe distance. |
| Large animal radiography safety: Remember: | Never kneel. Stay out of beam. Stand to the side and keep your body away. Avoid small clutter areas. Avoid working in wet areas. Find a quiet area out of barn "traffic" if possible. |
| In order to take large animal radiographs or assist with them a person must be: | Over 18 and not pregnant. They must wear lead PPE. Do not have them stand opposite the beam. Be able to tell them how to handle the horse. |
| Large Animal Radiography: Before you Begin The head is mobile and high off the ground. What can you do about this? | Sedation. Calms the animal and lowers the head. |
| Large Animal Radiography: Before you Begin Can use portable equipment. Usually a 14x17 cassette. Remember to use a film ___ device. | holding |
| For a skull radiograph in large animal medicine, center the beam: | Over area of interest. Manipulate positioning of cassette to best include all the area of interest. |
| Guttural Pouch-Lateral Radiograph Where should the beam be centered? | Caudal to vertical ramus of mandible. |
| Equine Teeth True or false: Since the dental enamel of the teeth is a more dense material than bone the sinus will be very overexposed. | True |
| Equine Teeth Need ___ radiographs to fully evaluate. More easily see tooth roots. | oblique |
| Equine Teeth True or false: need sedation for dental radiographs. | True |
| Equine Teeth What's unique regarding young horse teeth? | They deteriorate as the new permanent teeth start to erupt. The old teeth become hollow and sometimes these caps do not detach from the gums as they should. |
| Cervical Radiographs True Laterals. VD if ___. Several overlapping views. Lead markers. Remember: the spine if ___ in the neck. What areas should be included? | anesthetized. Occipital dondyles (base of skull) to CT (Cervical/Thoracic) junction. |
| Cervical - Lateral Radiographs Area 1 includes what anatomy? Where should the beam be centered? | Skull base, C1, C2, C3. Centered at C2. |
| Cervical - Lateral Radiographs Area 2 includes what anatomy? Where should the beam be centered? | C3, C4, C5. Centered over C4. |
| Cervical - Lateral Radiographs Area 3 includes what anatomy? Where should the beam be centered? | C5, C6, C7. Centered over C6. |
| Equine Thorax How many overlapping views are necessary. Where are they placed? | 4 overlapping images. Mid Craniodorsal, Mid caudodorsal. Mid Cranioventral. Mid Caudodorsal. |
| Equine Thorax The beam is centered on ___. Then what? | grid. Patient is walked in-between grid and x-ray generator. |
| Equine Thorax Images are taken on full ____. | inspiration |
| Equine Abdominal Radiographs Similar to prep as thorax. Diagnostic ____ usually used instead. | ultrasound |
| Equine Abdominal Radiographs If they are done, how many overlapping views are necessary? | 4 overlapping views. Mid cranioventral. Mid Abdominal. Mid Caudodorsal. Mid Caudoventral. |
| Equine Limb Imaging How does naming the view work? | Named from where center of radiation beam enters then exits the patient. Dorsopalmar (AP). Lateromedial. Dorsolateral-Palmaromedial Oblique (DLPMO). Dorso65proximal-palmarodistal oblique: D65Pr-PaDiO (DP65). Use caution with shorthand names. |
| Equine Limb Imaging When labeling a view, the marker needs to be on ___ aspect of lateral view or ___ aspect in all other views. | dorsal. lateral. |
| Equine Limb Imaging Markers are absolutely critical for certain views. Name two. | Feet. Fetlocks. |
| Equine Limb Imaging True or false: exposures must be retaken if marker or label is not correct or in view. | True |
| Equine Limb Imaging What four things are must you remember before taking radiograph? | Is distance correct? Is anatomy of interest projected on plate? Is anatomy as close to the plate as possible? Is the beam perpendicular to the plate? |
Created by:
Raevyn1
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