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Test Monday 01/11
Endocrine, Digestive, Urinary & Reporductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The esophagus meets the stomach at the? | Cardiac Sphincter |
| Stomach meets small small intestines at the? | Pyloric Sphincter |
| The divisions of the stomach are? (in order) | Cardiac Sphincter, Fundus, Body, Pylorus, Pyloric Sphincter |
| The Pylorus is where ___ is secreted | hydrochloric acid (HCI) |
| G cells produce and secrete? | gastrin |
| What are the three stomach cells? | Parietal (produce HCL), Chief (pepsinogen), & Mucous cells |
| What are rugae? | The folds of the stomach |
| Name the Net-like structure that holds the intestine? | Mesentery |
| Name the 3 segments of the small intestines? | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
| The small intestine is made of? | Columnar cells |
| Name the 3 parts of the large intestine (in order)? | Ascending, Transverse, & Descending Colon |
| The blood supply for the liver is called? | Hepatic Portal System |
| 80% of the blood flows via ____ to the liver? | Portal vein |
| What are Kupffer cells? | Kupffer cells filter bacteria & are liver specific |
| Hepatocytes secrete? | hormones & bile |
| What are the contents of bile? | bile salts, water, and bile pigments such as bilirubin |
| What is glycolysis? | When the liver metabolizes carbs by converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage. |
| What hormone controls glycogenolysis? | Glucagon |
| One of the most important alpha globulins produced by the liver. | Prothrombin |
| The liver synthesizes _____ & _____, which transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins throughout the body. | Alpha and beta globulins |
| What are the 4 secretions of the pancreas? | Sodium bicarbonate, Trypsin, Amylase, & Lipase |
| The pancrease is made of? | Glandular epithelial cells |
| About 99% of the pancrease cells are arranged in clusters called ____ and constitute the exocrine portion of the organ. | Acini |
| Endocrine portion of the pancrease secretes? | Insulin & glucagon |
| What are the structures of the urinary tract? | Kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra |
| Function of the diuresis is under the control of what hormones? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Aldosterone |
| Two hormones produced by the kidney? | Erythropoietin & prostaglandins |
| What is a Nephron and what is it composed of? | The basic functional unit of the kidney. Consists of Renal Corpuscle, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT? |
| What is osmosis? | The passage of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a weaker to a stronger solution. |
| What is Diffusion? | The passage of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| What is reabsorption? | The passage of chemical substances from the lumen of the renal tubules into the renal capillaries, back into the body. |
| What is secretion? | The passage of chemical substances from the renal capillaries into the lumen of the renal tubules, out of the body, into the urine. |
| The longest portion of the nephron is? | PCT |
| What controls the DCT? | Aldosterone |
| Glucose Threshold of a dog? Cat? | Dogs: 180 mg/dlCats: 240 mg/ml |
| Aldosterone | Iincreases the reabsorption of sodium into the bloodstream. |
| Anti-diuretic Horomone | ADH acts on the DCT & collecting ducts to promote water reabsorption. |
| The ureters are made of? | Smooth muscle |
| Transitional cells are found? | In the bladder ONLY! |
| What is Ethylene glycol? | Antifreeze |
| Symptoms of CRF? | increased BUN, increased Creatinine, & isothenuria |
| Minimum of lethal dose of Ethylene Glycol in dogs? Cat? | Dog: 4.4 – 6.6ml/kgCat: 1.4ml/kg |
| What is Diabetes Insipidud? | A decrease in the pituitary release of ADH. |
| What is the most common crystal found in urine? | Calcium Oxylate |
| If the urine has more hydrogen (H+) the pH would be? | Alkaline |
| If the urine has a decreesed amount of hydrogen (H+) the pH would be? | Acidic |
| What is Diabetes Mellitus? | Deficiency of insulin or an inability of insulin to function. |
| What are Ketones? | formed during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids |
| What are the 5 "C's" | Cells, Casts, Crystals, Critters, Crap |
| List the 5 types of cells seen in urine? | Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Squamous Epithelial Cells, Transitional Cells, Renal Epithelial Cells |
| What is a cast? | Formed in the nephron, secreted protein precipitates in acidic conditions and forms casts. |
| Hyaline Casts | -Clear, colorless, and somewhat transparent structures.-Composed only of protein.-Usually only identified in dim light.-Numbers are increased with renal irritation, fever, poor renal profusion, or general anesthesia. |
| Granular Casts | -Hyaline casts containing granules.-Most common type of cast.-May be coarse or fine.-Seen with acute nepheritis. |
| Leukocytes Casts | -The presence of leukocyte casts indicates inflammation in the renal tubules. |
| Erythrocytes Casts | Indicate renal bleeding. |
| Waxy Casts | -Usually wider, with square ends.-Highly refractile.-Indicates chronic, severe degeneration of the renal tubules. |
| Fatty Casts | -Contain many small droplets of fat that appears as refractile bodies.-Frequently seen in cats with renal disease because they have lipid in their renal parenchyma.-Suggestive of degeneration of the renal tubules. |
| What factors control the type of crystal formed? | urine pH, concentration, and temperature |
| Triple Phosphate Crystal | "Coffin Lids" - Alkaline urine |
| Amorphous phosphates Crystals | Alkaline urine |
| Amorphous urate Crystals | Acidic urine |
| Ammonium biurate Crystals | "Thorn Apples" |
| Calcium Oxylate Crystals | "Envelopes" - Acidic Urine |
| Uric Acid Crystals | Acidic urine |
| Uric Acid crystals are normal in what breed of dog? | Dalmations |
| Leucine Crystlas | Highly refractive, acidic urine |
| Tyrosine Crystals | Acidic urine, fine needle groupins |
| Bilirubin Crystals | yellow needles, acidic urine |
| Cystine Crystals | Hexagonal plates, acidic urine |
| List critters seen in urine? | - Capillaria plica bladder worm of dogs- Dirofilaria- Dioctophyma renale kidney worm of dogs- sperm- Bacteria (rods & cocci) |
| List "crap" seen in urine? | - Mucus threads |
| Immature sperm cells are called? | Germ cell |
| Where are sperm produced? | Testes |
| What hormones are produced by the testes? | testosterone |
| Where do sperm mature? | In the head and body of the epididymis |
| How is testosterone produced? | Stimulation by LH (lutinizing hormone) |
| What stimulates the production of sperm? | FSH = Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
| Define Monestrous | one cycle per year, usually seasonal breeders. |
| Define olyestrous | more than one cycle per year, continuous. |
| Define Seasonally Polyestrous | cycles continuously in specific seasons. |
| What controls the estrous cycle? | Hormones produced by the ovaries and the pituitary gland |
| The Corpus luteum secretes? | Progesterone |
| What horomones are produced during Proestrus? | FSH, LH & Estrogen |
| What produced estrogen? | The follicle |
| Estrus is what? | Period of sexual receptivity |
| What causes ovulation? | LH |
| What are the stages of estrus (in order)? | 1. Proestrus2. Estrus3. Diestrus4. Anestrus |
| What is Diestrus? | Post-ovulation stage |
| What does the Corpus Luteum secrete? | progesterone |
| What is Anestrus? | No estrous cycle, last stage of estrous |
| What are the gestation of the dog and cat? | Dog = 57-63 days, cat = 65 days |
| Oxytocin is produced by? | Posterior pituitary |
| What does Oxytocin do? | stimulates uterine contractions & milk let-down |
| Prolactin is produced by? | Anterior pituitary |
| What does Prolactin do? | Maintains the corpus leutum during pregnancy & Stimulates the mammary glands to fill with milk at parturition. |
| What is the 1st milk? | Colostrum |
| List the majory glands of the endocrine system. | Thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal, kidney, pancreas, ovary, testis |
| What is the master gland? | Pituitary |
| What influences the Pituitary Gland? | Hypothalamus |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Promotes body growth Regulates metabolismEncourages protein synthesis |
| Prolactin (PRL)- | Triggers and maintains lactation |
| Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)- | Stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland. |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)- | Stimulates the growth and development of the adrenal cortex |
| Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)- | Stimulates the growth & development of the ovarian follicles.Stimulates the follicle lining to produce & secrete ESTROGEN.Stimulates spermatogenesis. |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- | Completes the follicle development process.Can cause OVULATION.Can cause the development of the CORPUS LUTEUM-Which produces PROGESTERONE, which maintains pregnancy.Can stimulate the testes to develop & produce TESTOSTERONE. |
| Posterior Pituitary stores? | ADH & Oxytocin, does not produce horomones |
| What horomones are produced by the thyroid? | T3, T4, & Calcitonin |
| Parathyroid hormone - | works opposite to calcitonin to maintain blood calcium levels. |
| What are the two adrenal glands? | Adrenal cortexAdrenal medulla |
| Adrenal Glands produce? | Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids & Sex hormones from cholesterol |
| What are the 3 glucocorticoids? | Cortisone, Cortisol, & Corticosterone |
| Cortisol- | aka hydrocortisone, influences the metabolism of sugars and has a anti-inflammatory effect. |
| Cortisone- | similar to Cortisol, and can be prepared synthetically. Useful in treating inflammatory conditions. |
| Mineralocorticoids- | Regulates electrolyte levels.The primary one is ALDOSTERONE.Reabsorbs sodium, excretes potassium. |
| Sex Hormones produced in the adrenal glands?- | Androgens- maleEstrogens- femaleMaintain secondary sex characteristics (beard & breast development)These hormones are also produced in the ovaries & testes. |
| Adrenal Medulla- | Develops from nervous tissue.Produces (catecholamines):EpinepherineNorepinepherineChemicals derived from amino acidsWorks with "Fight-or-flight" |
| Epinepherine regulates- | heart rate, dilates bronchioles, and stimulates the production of glucose for energy. |
| Norepinepherine regulates- | Constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. |
| Metabolism is controlled by? | The Pancreas |
| The Pancreas secretes? | Somatostatin- inhibits the secretion of insulin & glucagon |
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SassaVetTech
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