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Behavior section 1.1
PennFoster, Vet Tech
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Charles Darwin | 19th century British scientist who revolutionized the study of biology and ethology |
| Ethology | The study of animal behavior |
| Evolution | Natural process of slow change and development that gradually leads to new species of plants and animals over a very long time |
| Species | Classification given to a group of animals who can produce young |
| Instinct | A combination of unlearned responses characteristic of a species that enables them to respond appropriately to a wide range of conditions in the natural world |
| Natural Selection | The process that awards survival and reproductive success to individuals and groups best adjusted to their environment |
| Classical ethology | asserts that much of what animals know is instinctive or innate |
| Ivan Pavlov | first to question the role of instinct, studied the process of digestion in dogs, discovered that his lab animals automatically salivated at the sight of food, introduced the sound of a bell before feeding and found the bell alone could cause salivation |
| John B. Watson | Behaviorism originated with him. Proposed an approach to psychology based on objective lab procedures |
| Stimulus | Responses are muscular and glandular responses that we can observe and measure |
| Classical Conditioning | The association of stimuli that happens at approximately the same time or roughly the same area. Based on Pavlov's experiments |
| Operant conditioning | association of an activity with punishment or reward |
| B.F. Skinner | American psychologist. Probably the foremost expert on mechanism of operant conditioning. Taught a rat to press a bar for food |
| Trial and error learning (Instrumental learning) | Operant conditioning combined with classical conditioning, could link many simple responses into complex chains of behavior |
| Sociobiology | the study of the biological basis of the social behavior |
| On the Origin of Species | Once referred to as "the book that school the world" A theory published in 1859 by Charles Darwin it introduced the theory of evolution which characterizes all related organisms as descended from common ancestors |
| Digger Wasp | an example of innate behavior patterns. Finds and captures only honeybees. With no previous experience a female digs its way into an underground nest, finds a honeybee, and paralyzes it. Then returns with the bee to its home to lay eggs |
| Maturation | Extreme supporters of the classical point of view suggest all new behavior patterns observed in animals simply results from this |
| Involuntary/Unconditioned response | A simple reflex behavior, like the knee-jerk reflex doctors trigger when they tap a patients knee with a hammer. |
| Unconditioned stimulus | something that produces an unconditioned response |
| Conditioned stimulus | an unrelated stimulus associated with a unconditioned stimulus to produce an response (The bell in Pavlov's experiment) |
| Behaviorism | holds that behavior is learned rather than genetically programed |
| Stimulus-response theory | Holds that all complex forms of behavior, including emotions, thoughts, and habits, are complex and muscular and glandular responses that can be observed and measured |
| fixed action patterns | stereotypical or predictable behaviors |
| Positive reinforcement | Refers to any immediate pleasant occurrence that follows a behavior and can be used to reinforce desired behaviors |
| Negative reinforcement | refers to any immediate unpleasant occurrence used to create a desired behavior . Usually involves removing a unpleasant sensation or occurrence to increase a desired behavior |
| Punishment | an unpleasant occurrence used to eliminate an undesirable behavior |
| positive punishment | involves adding an undesirable occurrence to decrease a behavior |
| negative punishment | removing a desirable occurrence to decrease a behavior |
| Imprinting | a rapid learning process that enables the very young to recognize and bond with their caretaker |
| the sensitive period | the period of time when imprinting occurs |
| Socialization | the exposure to other animals and people during the sensitive period |
| Function | In ethological terms, survival value |
| Innate | Instinctive |
| Naturalists | Natural Scientists |
| Nature-Nurture controversy | the crux of two opposing schools: classical ethology, which views animal behavior as primarily instinctive, and animal psychology, which views animal behavior as primarily learned |
| Operant | Functioning or tending to produce effects |
| Dance | a complex pattern of movements preformed by a bee that directs other bees to a food source |
| Social behavior | the ways individuals members of the same species interact with one another |
| Recognition of individuals | The process that allows animals to distinguish their place in a social contest broader than their relationship with primary caregivers |
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BlairBearVTs
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