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Nervous System
| Term | Physiology |
|---|---|
| Endocrine System | Uses chemicals to carry their messages |
| Neurotransmitters | The nervous system's chemical messengers; Produced only by neurons |
| Neurons | Nerve Cells |
| Synapses | Spaces between nerve cells |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers of the endocrine system; Secreted directly into the bloodstream; Travel comparatively long distances to reach their targets |
| Hormone Targets | React more slowly to changes but can be secreted for long periods of time; Can sustained activity for long periods of time |
| Neurotoxin | Poison affecting the nervous system |
| Central Nervous System | Composed of brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Consists of nerves that link the central nervous system with the rest of the body. |
| Spinal Cord | Transmits a message to the brain |
| Brain | Analyzes the message and decides the appropriate response to the situation; sends a message back to the body |
| Brain Messages | Initiates a response such as a muscle contraction, the release of a hormone from a gland, or breathing |
| Aberrant | abnormal; deviating from the usual or ordinary |
| Afferent | To carry to or bring toward a place |
| Anomaly | A deviation from the average or norm |
| Axon | The long branch off a nerve cell (neuron) that carries impulses away from the cell |
| Blood-Brain Barrier | Th separation of brain nervous tissue (which is bathed in a clear cerebrospinal fluid) from capillaries within the brain tissue |
| Cerebellum | "Little Brain"; the second largest portion of the brain |
| Cerebrum | The largest portion of the brain |
| Corpus Callosum | "Tough body"; The bundle of nerve fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum |
| Cortex | "Outer Shell"; the outer layer of nervous tissue in the brain |
| Dura Mater | "Tough Mother"l the thick, fibrous outer membrane covering the brain |
| Efferent | To carry out to take away from a place |
| Ganglia | (Singular = Ganglion) Cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system that cluster together in groups |
| Geriatric | Pertaining to old age or the aging process |
| Gyrus | (Plural = gyri) A convolution or raised area between grooves |
| Hypothalamus | The part of the brain that links the endocrine system to the nervous system |
| Impulse | An electrical signal that travels along an axon |
| Kyphosis | Abnormal convex curvature of the spine |
| Myelin | A fatty, white substance that surrounds some axons and is produced by special cells in the central nervous system |
| Pia Mater | "Delicate, soft mother"; the thin, innermost membrane covering the brain |
| Pituitary | The master endocrine gland that affects nearly all hormonal activity in the body; Receives hormone-releasing and -inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus |
| Potential space | The space or cavity that can exist between two adjacent body parts that are not tightly adjoined; does not appear during normal functioning |
| Sulcus | (Plural = Sulci) A groove |
| Synapse | The junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon to another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell |
| Syrinx | A pathological tube-shped lesion in the brain or spinal cord |
| Thalamus | The part of the brain that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex |
| Sensory Neurons | Carry information from the senses toward the central nervous system |
| Motor Neurons | Carry impulses away from the central nervous system toward the muscles and glands; They relay information regarding an action being done. |
| Schwann Cell | A type of supporting cell that is not part of the central nervous system. |
| Node of Ranvier | Located between the myelin sheath of each Shwann Cell |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| CSF | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| Meninges | Called the three layers of connective tissues membranes located between the nervous tissue and the bony tissue |
| Epidural Space | The potential spcae between the dura and the bone |
| Subarachnoid Space | Lies between the arachnoid and the pia; Contains cerebrospinal fluid and all the blood vessels that enter the brain. |
| Leptomeninges | The pia mater and the arachnoid are sometimes referred to as one structure |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | Produced in the ventricles of the brain; Carries away waste materials and dumps them into the blood. |
| Hydrocephalus | A condition where too much fluid building up inside the brain |
| Right and Left Hemispheres | To big halves of the brain |
| Longitudinal Groove | How the right and left hemispheres are divided |
| Gray Matter | The outer, darker tissue composed of unmyelinated nerve fibers and neuron cell bodies; Forms in the cerebral cortex |
| White Matter | The inner, lighter colored material that is composed of axons with their myelin sheaths |
| Hypermetria | A condition that results from damage to the cerebellum seen when movements become exaggerated and jerky |
| Cerebellar Hypoplasia | Condition in newborn animals that can result in Hypermetria |
| Diencephalon | Made up of many structures that provide a pathway between the primitive brainstem and the cerebrum |
| Brainstem | Provides the connection between the brain and the spinal cord |
| Central Canal | Runs down the center of the gray matter; through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates and nourishes nerve cells |
| Spinal Nerve | Comes off each side of the spinal cord at the junction between vertebrae; Connects the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord. |
| Dorsal Nerve Roots | The spinal nere feed sensory impulses to the dorsal horns of the gray matter, which then send it to the brain |
| Dorsal Horns | Sends impulses to the brain |
| Ventral Horns | The gray matter relay motor impulses generatd within the brain to the ventral nerve roots |
| Ventral Nerve Roots | In turn relay impulse to the muscles and glands |
| Somatic Nervous System | Consists of peripheral nerve fibers, and motor nerve fibers |
| Cranial Nerves | Brain |
| Effector Cells | The cells in the body on which the motor nerve fibers will have an effect |
| Monosynaptic Reflex | The sensory impulse does not travel all the way to the brain |
| Autonomic Nervous System | maintains homeostasis |
| Sympathetic system | Prepares it to "fight or take flight" when presented with a stressful situation; It can dilate eyepupils and increase blood pressure, pulse, breathing rate, and blood flow to muscles |
| Parasympathetic System | The "rest and Digest" part of the autonomic nervous system; Calms the animal by slowing the heartbeat and breathing, by lowering blood pressure, and by increasing digestion and elimination. |
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