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New Ag Genetics

QuestionAnswer
A. I Artificial insemination – when semen is inserted into the vagina via a straw
Artificial selection Selective breeding by man to select the best characteristics of an animal or plant
Allele Different form of the same gene
Back cross A test to determine if the genotype of an individual with a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous
Clone An animal or plant that is genetically identical to the parent
Chromosome Long molecule made up of proteins and DNA, found in the nucleus
Cross breeding Mating two different species, breeds or varieties
Diploid Full set of chromosomes e.g. 46 in humans
Dominant Trait will always be expressed in the phenotype if present. Represented by capital letter
DNA Sequence of bases which when combined in a specific way will form genes
Embryo transfer Treatment of donor and recipient females with hormones. Egg fertilised from donor cow and implanted in recipient cow to carry foetus
Gamete Another word for sex cell e.g. sperm or egg
Gene Section of a chromosome which controls a specific trait or codes for a specific protein
Genotype The genetic make of an individual. Always uses letter e.g. Ll or Aa
Genetically modified organism Organisms created by placing a gene from one species into another other e.g. making blight resistant potatoes
Haploid Half set of chromosomes e.g. 23 in human sperm /egg
Heterozygous Have one dominant and one recessive trait in the genotype e.g. Aa
Homozygous Have two of the same types of traits in a genotype e.g. AA or aa
Hybrid vigour The best of both qualities from each parent
Inbreeding Mating related animals
Lethal gene Gene which of present will mean the death of the organism
Progeny testing The characteristics of the progeny of different bulls are recorded e.g. growth rates and FCR from animals housed in similar housing and conditions
Performance testing Performance of bulls is recorded for bulls housed in similar housing and with similar conditions e.g. growth rate, FCR and confirmation
Phenotype Physical expression of a gene e.g. coat colour
Pedigree animal Process of selective breeding with a record of the lineage/ history of the animal is recorded. Usually register with a society
Recessive Trait which is masked if dominant trait is present
Somatic cell Another name for a non sex cell
Genome An organism's complete set of DNA, including all its genes.​
Genotyping a technique used by scientists to identify differences in the genetic make-up of an animal’s DNA.​
Genomics / genomic selection used in selective breeding to determine if an individual has a specific, desired allele and to select individuals for breeding programs based on their alleles​
Genome sequencing Examines and produces the complete list of the nucleotides (A,T,C,G) that makes up the genome of an individual or species.​
natural selection known as ‘the survival of the fittest’. The best adapted organisms are able to survive.
SNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. Scientists have identified regions or areas where there are variations in the genome.
Genetic engineering technology that allows a change to an organism’s DNA. Genetic material can be added, removed or altered at specific locations in the genome.​
transgenic an organism that has had part of the DNA of another species (animal, plant, microorganism, etc.) inserted into its own DNA by genetic engineering​
cisgenic organisms that have been modified with a gene from an organism of the same or closely related species.​
Hybridising the process of creating new varieties from already established plants. It is achieved by combining the attributes of one plant with those of another; this is done by fertilizing one plant with pollen taken from another.
Created by: msbrowne
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