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Pharmacology Drugs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cholinergic Agents | Mimic acetylcholine and stimulate receptor sites of the parasympathetic system; treats urinary retention, controls vomiting, and stimulates GI motility |
| Cholinergic Blocking (Anticholinergic) Agents | Blocks actions of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system; prevent/treats bradycardia, decreases GI motility |
| Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents | Bring about action at receptors mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine; treats glaucoma, urinary incontinence, and stimulates the heart to beat during cardiac arrest |
| Adrenergic Blocking Agents | Disrupts activity of the sympathetic nervous system; includes alpha blockers, beta blockers, and ganglionic blockers |
| Tranquilizers | Depresses the CNS by blocking/stimulating receptors and interfering with nerve impulses; sedative, analgesic, and tranquilization properties |
| Barbiturates | Used as sedatives, anticonvulsants, general anesthetics, and euthanasia agents; nonreversible; potent depressing effects of the cardiac and pulmonary systems (long-acting = 8-12 hours, short-acting = 45 min-90 min, ultrashort-acting = 5-30 min) |
| Dissociative Agents | Depress the thalamus and cerebral cortex; the animal will feel dissociated from their body and be ataxic and hyper-responsive |
| Opioid Agonists | Produces analgesia and sedation; 4 classes of receptors (mu, kappa, sigma, and delta); class II controlled substances |
| Opioid Antagonists | Blocks effects of opioids by binding with opiate receptors, displacing narcotic molecules already present, and further narcotic binding at the sites; usually administered IV |
| Neuroleptanalgesics | Consists of an opioid and a tranquilizer; used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia |
| Inhalant Anesthetics | Converted from a liquid to a gas by an anesthetic vaporizer; produces unconsciousness, analgesia, and muscle relaxation |
| CNS Stimulants | Used for respiratory depression or arrest |
| Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | Interferes with neuromuscular transmission of impulses and are used as an adjunct to general anesthesia; also known as muscle relaxants |
| Expectorants | Drugs that liquify and dilute viscid secretions of the respiratory tract, thereby helping in evacuation of those secretions |
| Mucolytics | Alters the chemical composition of mucus through the breakdown of chemical bonds |
| Antitussives | Inhibit/suppress coughing by depressing the cough center in the brain |
| Decongestants | Reduces congestion of nasal membranes by reducing associated swelling |
| Antihistamines | Blocks the effects of histamines; inhibits effects or spreading of the inflammatory process |
| Corticosteroids | Treats inflammatory, pruritic, and immune mediated diseases |
| Loop Diuretic | Blocks the mechanism that transports sodium, thus inhibiting the tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride; the strongest and most commonly used diuretic |
| Osmotic Diuretics | Promotes dieresis recess by increasing the pressure in the kidney tubules, which limits reabsorption |
| Thiazide Diuretics | Blocks reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water |
| Potassium-Sparing Diuretics | Blocks the action of aldosterone, which is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium in the excretion of potassium |
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | Decreases formation of carbonic acid in water; the weakest diuretic; not as effective as others |
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors | Blocks conversion of angiotensin I - angiotensin II, decreases aldosterone secretion, reduces peripheral arterial resistance, and alleviates vasoconstriction |
| Class 1A Antiarrhythmic Drugs | Depresses myocardial excitability, prolongs the refractory period, decreases automaticity, and increase conduction times |
| Class 1B Antiarrhythmic Drugs | Prevents depolarization and decreases cell automaticity |
| Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs | Beta-Adrenergic blockers (may only block beta1 receptors, only beta2 receptors, or they may block both types) |
| Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs | Blocks the channels that permit entry of calcium ions through the cardiac cell membrane |
| Vasodilator Drugs | Dilates arteries (arteriolar dilator), veins (venodilator), or both (combined vasodilator) |
| Emetics | Drugs that induce vomiting; removes around 80% of the stomach contents |
| Antiemetics | Used to prevent/control vomiting |
| Gastrointestinal Prokinetics/Stimulants | Increases the motility of part(s) of the GI tract, which enhances the transit of material through the tract |
| Parasympathomimetics | Used to induce contraction of the intraocular smooth muscle (miosis), which helps to reduce IOP |
| Sympathomimetics | Decreases IOP |
| Topical Corticosteroids | Used with other treatments for localized itching or inflammatory conditions |
| Macrolides | Inhibits protein synthesis by penetrating the cell wall and binding to the 50S ribosomes subunits in susceptible bacteria |
| Penicillins | Inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the cell wall, which results in a defective barrier and an osmotically unstable spheroplast; discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming |
| Tetracyclines | Inhibits protein synthesis by reversible bind to 30S ribosomal subunits of susceptible organisms, thereby preventing binding to this ribosomes of aminoacyl transfer-RNA; aniinflammatory and immunomodulating effects |
| Opiod Analgesics | Relieves pain by binding with specific receptor sites in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral tissue |
| Inactivated Vaccine | Involves killing the organisms with chemicals that leave the antigens mostly unchanged |
| Live Vaccine | Prepared from live microorganisms/viruses; may be fully virulent or avirulent |
| Modified Live Vaccine | Organisms undergo a process (attenuation) to lose their virulence so that when introduced to the body via inoculation, they cause an immune response instead of disease |
| Type I Recombinant (Subunit) Vaccine | Derived by inserting a foreign gene from a specific pathogen into a recombinant organism |
| Type II Recombinant (Gene-Deleted) Vaccine | Involves deletion of specific genes from a pathogenic organism |
| Type III Recombinant (Vectored) Vaccine | Derived from the insertion of a specific pathogenic genetic material into a nonpathogenic or gene-deleted organism |
| Toxoid | Produces immunity to a toxin rather than a bacterium or a virus |
| Antitoxin | A specific antiserum aimed at a toxin that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from the blood serum or plasma of a hyperimmunized, healthy animal |
| Antiserum | Contains specific antibodies extracted from a hyperimmunized animal or an animal that has been infected with microorganisms that contain antigens |
| Autogenous Vaccine | Contains organisms isolated from an infected animal on a farm where a disease outbreak is occurring |
| Mixed Vaccine | Contains a mixture of different antigens |
Created by:
KaleighMichelle
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