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Pharmacology
Definitions 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| antibacterial | an agent that inhibits bacterial growth, impedes replication of bacteria, or kills bacteria. |
| Antibiotic | an agent produced by a microorganism or semi-synthetically that has the ability to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms. |
| antimicrobial | an agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their multiplication or growth. |
| bacteria | single-celled microorganisms that usually have a rigid cell wall and a round, rod-like or spiral shape. |
| Bactericidal | an agent with the capability to kill bacteria. |
| Bacteriostatic | an agent that inhibits the growth or reproduction of bacteria. |
| Beta-lactamase | an enzyme that reduces the effectiveness of certain antibiotics; beta-lactamase I is penicillinase; beta-lactamase II is cephalosporinase. |
| Detergent | an agent that cleanses. |
| Disinfect | to make free of pathogens or make them inactive. |
| Fungicidal | an agent that kills fungi. |
| fungistatic | an agent that inhibits the growth of fungi. |
| in vitro | within an artificial environment |
| in vivo | within the living body |
| iodophor | an iodine compound with a longer activity period that results from the combination of iodine and a carrier molecule that releases iodine over time. |
| microorganism | an organism that is microscopic (bacterium, protozoan, Rickettsia, virus & fungus). |
| nephrotoxic | toxic to the kidneys. |
| ototoxic | toxic to the ears. |
| sporicidal | an agent capable of killing spores |
| tachypnea | rapid breathing. |
| teratogenic | an agent that causes harm to the developing fetus |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a thrombus formation. |
| anthelmintic | a drug used to eliminate helminth parasites (ex. roundworms) from a host. |
| bots | larvae of several fly species. |
| ectoparasite | a parasite that lives on the outside body surface of its host. |
| endoparasite | a parasite that lives inside the body of its host. |
| helminths | parasitic worms, including nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes |
| microfilaria | a pre-larval stage of a filarial worm transmitted to biting insects from the principal host. |
| nematodes | parasitic worms, including intestinal roundworms, filarial worms, lungworms, kidney worms, heartworms and others. |
| organophosphate | a substance that can interfere with the function of the nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. |
| parasitiasis | a condition in which an animal harbors an endoparasite or an ectoparasite but no clinical signs of infection or infestation are evident. |
| parasitosis | a condition in which an animal harbors an endoparasite or an ectoparasite and clinical signs of infection or infestation are evident. |
| symbiosis | two living organisms of different species living together. |
| Addison's disease | a disease or syndrom characterized by inadequate amounts of corticosteroid hormones. |
| Histamine | a chemical mediator of the inflammatory response released from mast cells. May cause dilation and increased permeability of small blood vessels, constriction of small airways, increased secretion of mucus in airways, and pain. |
| modulation | the modification of nociceptive transmission. |
| Multimodal anesthesia | the use of different drugs with different actions to produce optimal analgesia and minimize individual drug quantities when possible. |
| Nerve block | a loss of feeling or sensation produced by injecting an anesthetic agent around a nerve to interfere with its ability to conduct impulses. |
| neuropathic pain | pain that originates from injury or involvement of the peripheral or central nervous system. |
| Pathologic pain | pain with an exaggerated response; it is often associated with tissue injury due to trauma or surgery. |
| perception | the processing and recognition of pain in the cerebral hemispheres. |
| Physiologic pain | the protective sensation of pain that allows individuals to move away from potential tissue damage. |
| preemptive analgesia | analgesia administered before the painful stimulus to help prevent sensitization and windup. |
| prostaglandin | a substance synthesized by cells from arachidonic acid that serves as a mediator of inflammation and has other physiologic functions. |
| regional anesthesia | loss of feeling or sensation in a large area (region) of the body after injection of an anesthetic agent into the spinal canal or around peripheral nerves. |
| somatic pain | pain arising from bones, joints, muscle or skin. Described in humans as localized, sharp, constant, aching or throbbing. |
| transdermal application | the use of a patch applied to the skin to deliver a drug through an intact cutaneous surface to the systemic circulation. |
| transduction | the process that involves translation of noxious stimuli into electric activity at sensory nerve endings. |
| transmission | conduction of pain impulses from peripheral pain receptors to the spinal cord. |
| visceral pain | pain arising from stretching, distension, or inflammation of the viscera, described in humans as deep, cramping, or aching and difficult to localize. |
| buffer | a substance that decreases the change in pH when an acid or base is added. |
| colloid | a chemical system composed of a continuous medium throughout which small particles are distributed and do not settle out under the influence of gravity. |
| dissociation | the act of settling into ionic components (NaCl= Na + Cl) |
| electrolyte | a substance that dissociates into ions when placed in solution, becoming capable of conducting electricity. |
| empirical | based on observation and personal experience. |
| hypernatremia | an excess of sodium in the blood. |
| hypovolemia | decreased volume of circulating blood. |
| metabolic acidosis | decreased body pH caused by excess hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid. |
| metabolic alkalosis | increased body pH caused by excess bicarbonate in the extracellular fluid. |
| oncotic pressure | the osmotic pressure generated by plasma proteins in the blood. |
| osmotic pressure | the ability of solute molecules to attract water. |
| solute | a substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. |
| total nutrient admixture | a solution used for parenteral administration that contains amino acids, lipids, dextrose, vitamins and minerals. |
| transcellular fluid | cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor of the eye, synovial fluid, GI fluid, lymph, bile and glandular & respiratory secretions. |
| turgor | degree of fullness or congestion; describes the degree of elasticity of the skin. |
| alkylation | formation of a linkage between a substance and DNA that causes irreversible inhibition of the DNA molecule. Alkylating drugs are used in chemotherapy treatment of cancer. |
| cell-cycle nonspecific | capable of acting in several or all cell cycle phases. |
| cell cycle specific | capable of acting during a particular cell cycle phase only. |
| cytotoxic | capable of destroying cells. |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | widespread formation of clots (thrombi) in the microscopic blood vessels of the circulatory system. Occurs as a complication of a wide variety of disorders and consumes clotting factors, with resultant bleeding. |
| endothelial layer | the smooth layer of epithelial cells that line blood vessels. |
| fibrinolysis | fibrin (clot) breakdown through the action of the enzyme plasmin |
| hybridoma | a cell culture that consists of a clone of a hybrid cell formed by fusing cells of different types, such as stimulated mouse plasma cells and myeloma cells. |
| metastasis | generally refers to the transfer of cancer cells from one site to another. |
| myeloma | a malignant neoplasm of plasma cells (beta lymphocytes). |
| myelosuppression | inhibition of bone marrow activity that results in decreased production of blood cells and platelets. |
| thrombocytopenia | a decreased number of platelets. |
| thromboembolism | the condition that occurs when thrombus material becomes dislodged and is transported by the bloodstream to another site. |
| thrombus | a clot in the circulatory system. |
| vesicant | a substance that causes blister formation. |
| active immunity | immunity that occurs by an animal's own immune response after exposure to a foreign antigen. |
| adjuvant | a substance given with an antigen to enhance the immune response to the antigen. May form a localized granuloma at the injection site; may produce systemic hypersensitivity. EX: aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, water in oil, saponin. |
| anaphylaxis | a systemic, severe allergic reaction. |
| antibody | an immunoglobulin molecule that combines with the specific antigen that induced its formation. |
| antigen | any substance that can induce a specific immune response, such as toxins, foreign proteins, bacteria and viruses. |
| avirulent | the inability of an infectious agent to produce pathologic results. |
| bacterin | a killed bacterial vaccine. |
| monovalent | a vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin developed specifically for a single antigen or organism. |
| passive immunity | immunity that occurs by administration of antibody produced in another individual. |
| polyvalent | a vaccine, antiserum or antitoxin that is active against multiple antigens or organisms; also known as a mixed vaccine. |
| preservative | a substance, such as an antibiotic, antiinfective, or fungistat, that is added to a product to destroy or inhibit multiplication of microorganisms. |
| recombinant DNA technology | a process that removes a gene from one organism or pathogen and inserts it into the DNA of another. Also referred to as gene splicing. |
| virulence | the ability of an infectious agent to produce pathologic effects. |
| autologous | belonging to the same organism. |
| chelating agent | an agent used in chemotherapy for metal poisoning. |
| interleukins | a group of polypeptide cytokines that carry signals between cells in the immune system. |
| matrix | the intercellular substance of tissues like cartilage & bone. |
| methemoglobinemia | the presence of methemoglobin in the blood caused by injury or toxic agents that convert a larger-than-normal proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function as an oxygen carrier. |
| nutraceutical | any nontoxic food component that has scientifically proven health benefits. |
| stem cell | cells found in embryonic tissue and the adult animal that have the ability for self-renewal, a lack of cellular specialization, and can give rise to other more specialized cells. |
| average cost of inventory on hand | (ending inventory + beginning inventory)/2 |
| DEA form | an official federal government form from the DEA used for ordering controlled substances. |
| Delayed billing | a benefit that some companies offer to the buyer who is purchasing increased amounts of merchandise. The date the statement must be paid is usually longer than 30-60 days away. |
| FIFO | first in, first out. |
| FOB | free on board |
| FOB destination | title of possession passes from the pharmaceutic company to the buyer when the shipment is delivered to the buyer's business destination (the veterinary facility) |
| FOB shipping point | title passes from the pharmaceutic company to the purchaser when the vendor places the goods in the possession of the carrier (UPS, USPS, FedEx, Averitt Express). |
| Full-service company | a pharmaceutic company that offers full service (sales reps visit vet facilities), usually with a limited number of products. |
| inventory | the quantity of goods or assets that a veterinary facility possesses, requiring proactive control to keep supplies stable & current. |
| inventory control manager (ICM) | a person responsible for monitoring, ordering & maintaining inventory; often a veterinary technician. |
| mail order discount house | a company that accepts orders from the buyer by phone or online; a good source for items like gauze, cotton, isopropyl alcohol, or paper towels. |
| invoice | a form generated by a company that documents the quantity and price of each item ordered by the ICM. |
| markup | the amount of money over cost for which a product sells. |
| packing slip | a document supplied by the vendor that accompanies a purchase. Generally reflects quantities ordered, not prices. |
| statement | a document generated by the vendor that details the quantity and pricing of all goods purchased (usually within one month) by a buyer. The total balance is usually due in full within 30 days. |
| turnover | the number of times a product is sold or used up in a veterinary facility. The minimum turnover rate should be established at four times per year. |
| veterinary supply distributor | an intermediate company that generally stocks a large inventory and employs sales reps who visit veterinary facilities. |
Created by:
kidtaxi9
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