Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharmacology
Chapter 18 Miscellaneous Therapeutic Agents
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are poly-sulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs)? | Repeating chain of hexosamine and hexuronic acid; allow water to be trapped in hyaline cartilage to provide resistance to compression and resiliency to proteoglycan & collagen matrix. Increase synovial fluid viscosity; reduce inflammation. |
| Explain how PSGAGs act as chondroprotectives. | Able to decrease the progression of osteoarthritis by providing support to cartilage and promoting its repair. |
| What three treatment methods are used in regenerative medicine? | Stem cell therapy; platelet-rich plasma (PRP); interleukin-1 antagonist protein. |
| Describe stem cell therapy. | stem cells can differentiate into appropriate tissue/organ (embryonic=totipotent/pluripotent; adult=multipotent). Produce growth factors/cytokines; anti-inflammatory mediators; differentiate into target tissue; home to inflamed site through vascular sys |
| Discuss platelet-rich plasma (PRP). | Obtained from anti-coagulated whole blood by centrifugation. Provides growth factors that signal local cells to migrate, divide & increase collagen & matrix formation. Mostly for equine tendon & ligament injuries. |
| Explain interleukin-1 antagonist protein. | Produced by synoviocytes, chondrocytes & WBCs. Stimulates neutral proteinase production. Specially prepared & injected into injured/diseased joint. Treat synovitis, capsulitis, arthritis, bursitis, tenosynovitis. |
| Describe how activated charcoal is used as an antidote. | Administered orally to prevent or reduce systemic absorption of certain drugs or toxins. Side effects: vomiting, constipation, diarrhea. |
| How is calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) used as an antidote? | heavy metal chelating agent; used for treatment of lead poisoning. Side effects: renal toxicity; depression; vomiting/diarrhea; zinc deficiency from long-term therapy. |
| Explain the use of methylene blue as an antidote. | treat methemoglobinemia or cyanide toxicity in ruminants; acetaminophen poisoning. Side effects: Heinz body anemia; morphologic changes in RBCs; decreased RBC life; tissue necrosis; methemoglobinemia. |
| Discuss the use of acetylcysteine as an antidote. | Acetaminophen poisoning; pulmonary or ophthalmic conditions. Side effects: vomiting; nausea; urticaria (hives) w/ oral use; chest tightness; bronchoconstriction; tracheal irritation; acetylcysteine hypersensitivity; bronchospasm. |
| How is dimercaprol used as an antidote? | treat toxicity from arsenic compounds; also lead, mercury, or gold. Side effects: IM injections painful; vomiting; seizures w/ high doses; nephrotoxic. |
| Describe pralidoxime chloride as an antidote. | oral treatment of organophosphate poisoning, sometimes in conjunction w/ atropine and supportive therapy. Side effects: uncommon, but include tachycardia; muscle rigidity; transient neuromuscular blockade; laryngospasm. |
| Discuss the use of penicillamine as an antidote. | Copper associated hepatopathy; long-term oral treatment of lead poisoning & cystine urolithiasis. Side effects: nausea; vomiting; fever; lymphadenopathy; skin hypersensitivity reactions; immune complex glomerulonephropathy. |
| Explain how sodium thiosulfate is used as an antidote. | Treat cyanide poisoning in horses & ruminants; copper poisoning in ruminants; arsenic poisoning; antifungal when applied topically. Side effects uncommon. |
| How is ethanol used as an antidote? | Treat ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning. Side effects: reduced body temperature; overdose can be fatal. |
| Describe how fomepizole is used as an antidote. | antifreeze poisoning. Side effects: tachypnea; gagging; excessive salivation; trembling. |
| What is used to treat snakebite in domestic animals? | antivenin polyvalent/antivenin coral snake. Treats bites from many of the poisonous snakes of North America. Side effects: secondary anaphylaxis. |
| What is used to treat rodenticide poisoning? | Vitamin K1 (phytonadione). Side effects: anaphylaxis (IV). |
| Describe the use of thaimine HCl as an antidote. | polioencephalomalacia in cattle, sheep, goats; thiamine deficiencies due to dietary lack. Side effects; hypersensitivity or muscle soreness. |
| Describe the use of naloxone as a reversal agent. | Narcotic antagonist. Repeated dose may be necessary if the action of the narcotic outlasts the action of naloxone. |
| Explain how yohimbine HCl acts as a reversal agent. | Reverses the effects of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (xylazine). Action occurs within 1-3 minutes. Not for food animals; use with caution in animals that are epileptic or seizure prone. |
| List common lubricants. | K-Y jelly; Lube jelly; Lubri-Net; Lubrivet. |
| Discuss the use of nutraceuticals in veterinary medicine. | Use of micronutrients, macronutrients, other nutritional supplements as therapeutic agents. Glucosamine/chondroitin-osteoarthritis; fatty acids-dermatologic conditions; SAMe-liver function; superoxide dismutase-anti-inflammatory; coenzyme Q-heart issues |
| List disadvantages of herbal therapeutics. | May cause harmful interactions with conventional drugs; discuss use with primary veterinarian. |
| What are the properties of milk thistle as an herbal remedy? | hepatoprotectant; antioxidants improve hepatocyte regeneration. |
| What is St John's wort used for in herbal therapeutics? | anti-anxiety; anti-depression effects. |
| Describe echinacea as an herbal therapeutic. | no major side effects; immunostimulant. |
| How is aloe used in herbal therapeutics? | stimulates wound healing; treat wounds & burns. |
| Describe the use of ginseng in herbal therapeutics. | Increases vitality & overall strength; may cause hypertension and nervousness/excitement. |
| Discuss the use of goldenseal as an herbal therapeutic. | It has antimicrobial and vasoactive properties. Not for pregnant animals due to the potential to cause uterine contractions; scarce in the wild. |
| Describe garlic as an herbal therapeutic. | Lowers cholesterol; used for centuries. Diuretic; disinfectant. Can produce Heinz body anemia in cats & dogs at high doses. |
| How is bloodroot used in herbal therapeutics? | Anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial. May cause bleeding during surgery; may interact w/ conventional drugs. |
Created by:
kidtaxi9
Popular Veterinary sets