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Pharmacology
Chapter 17 Immunologic Drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the principles associated with vaccination. | Keep animals healthy; never take place of routine vet checkups; livestock immunized to achieve healthy herd; each vaccine given at certain place on animal's body; observation of withdrawal times important. |
| Describe inactivated vaccines. | Organisms are killed with chemicals that leave antigens mostly unchanged. Safe, stable & unlikely to cause disease. Requires repeated doses; adjuvants may cause allergic reaction; costs may be higher; contain preservatives. |
| Explain the use of live vaccines. | Organisms may be fully virulent or avirulent. Few in use except in poultry. Fewer doses required, adjuvants unnecessary; less risk of allergic response; inexpensive. May be contaminated w/ unwanted organisms; careful handling; don't store well. |
| Describe modified live vaccines. | Organisms go through attenuation to lose virulence; cause immune response instead of disease. Immunity comparable to killed products. May cause abortion in pregnant animals; mild immunosuppression; residual virulence may cause disease; preservatives. |
| Explain recombinant vaccines. | Four types--I (subunit); II (gene-deleted); III (vectored); toxoid. Fewer adverse effects; effective immunity; Type I & III cannot revert to virulence; some oral. Few available; higher cost. |
| Describe Type I (subunit) recombinant vaccinations. | Derived by inserting a foreign gene from a specific pathogen into recombinant organism (yeast, bacterium, virus), which multiplies. Product extracted, purified & prepared for administration. |
| Explain Type II (gene-deleted) recombinant vaccinations. | Deletion of specific genes from pathogenic organism; produces a vaccine w/ low risk of producing disease but will still stimulate immune response. |
| Discuss Type III (vectored) recombinant vaccinations. | Insertion of specific pathogenic genetic material into nonpathogenic or gene-deleted organism; propagated in vitro & used to manufacture vaccine. |
| Explain a toxoid recombinant vaccination. | Used to produce immunity from toxin rather than bacterium or virus. Toxin heat/chemically treated to destroy damaging properties without eliminating ability to stimulate antibodies. |
| Define anaculture. | Combination of toxoid and killed bacteria in a single dose, prepared from highly toxigenic cultures and culture filtrates. |
| List vaccines that produce passive immunity. | antitoxin; anti-serum; autogenous; mixed vaccine. |
| Define anti-toxin. | specific anti-serum aimed at a toxin that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from blood serum or plasma of a hyperimmunized, healthy animal (usually a horse). |
| What is an anti-serum? | It contains specific antibodies extracted from a hyperimmunized animal (horse) or animal infected with microorganisms that contain antigens. |
| Define autogenous in terms of passive immunization. | Organisms isolated from infected animal on a farm where a disease outbreak is occurring. Contains antigens needed at that particular location. |
| What is a mixed vaccine? | Mixture of different antigens, also known as polyvalent. Each component is required to achieve an immune response comparable to that of a single vaccine. |
| List common diseases of dogs that have available vaccines. | canine distemper; parvovirus; rabies; canine adenovirus; infectious tracheobronchitis; leptospirosis; canine coronavirus; Giardia; Lyme borreliosis. |
| Name common diseases of horses that have available vaccines. | tetanus; rhinopneumonitis; equine influenza; strangles; viral arteritis; potomac horse fever; botulism; anthrax; sarcocystis neruoma; West Nile virus. |
| List feline diseases that have available vaccines. | panleukopenia; viral rhinotracheitis; Feline calicivirus; rabies; chlamydophila; feline leukemia virus (FeLV); immunodeficiency virus (FIV); infectious peritonitis (FIP); Bordetella; fungal vaccine; Giardia. |
| Name diseases in bovines that have available vaccines. | bovine respiratory diseases; mannhemia haemolytica (pasteurella multocida); H. somnus; clostridia; letptospirosis; campylobacteriosis; brucellosis; trichomoniasis; anthrax; anaplasmosis; enteric diseases; rotavirus; bovine coronavirus; e.coli; pinkeye. |
| List diseases in swine that have vaccinations available. | erysipelas; leptospirosis; TGE (gastroenteritis); rotavirus; C. perfringens (type C); neonatal colibacillosis; proliferative enteritis; bordetella; pasteurella; actinobacillus; mycoplasma; reproductive/respiratory syndrome; parvovirus; pseudorabies; strep |
| List small ruminant vaccines. | enterotoxemia; tetanus; campylobacteriosis; chlamydia; contagious ecthyma; foot rot; bluetongue. |
| Discuss the routes of administration for vaccines. | IM & SC-easily accessible, systemic immunity. Intranasal/intraocular-local immunity. W/ water/feed-feasible for large # animals, may result in incomplete vaccination. aerosolization-animal inhales from air (poultry/mink); incomplete vaccination possible. |
| List immunotherapy drugs. | Complex carbohydrates (acemannon)-derived from aloe vera. Fibrosarcoma (cats/dogs); wound healing; FeLV & FIV (cats). Immunomodulatory Bacterins. |
| Describe immunomodulatory bacterins. | staphylococcal Phage Lysate-canine pyoderma & other skin infections. Propionibacterium acnes bacterin-chronic pyoderma; adjunct in equine respiratory disease & feline retrovirus. Mycobacterial cell wall fraction-equine sarcoids; bovine ocular cancer. |
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kidtaxi9
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