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Pharmacology
Chapter 12 Anti-infective Agents
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the classes of anti-infective drugs. | Aminocyclitols, carbapenems, cephalosporins, macrolides, penicillins, tetracyclines, lincosamides, quinolones, sulfonamides, anti-bacterials. |
| Describe aminocyclitols. | These anti-infectives inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. They are best absorbed from topical or IM administration. Activity is enhanced by an alkaline environment. Does not work against fungi, viruses, most anaerobic bacteria. Derived from sugar. |
| Describe carbapenems. | Anti-infective drugs that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. Usually bactericidal. Wide range of antibacterial activity. |
| Describe cephalosporins. | Broad spectrum, semi-synthetic antibiotics. Derived from a species of soil fungi. Some orally active; some parenterally active (four groups of parenteral). |
| Describe Group I cephalosporins. | fair activity against gram-positive bacteria; moderate gram-negative activity; poor activity against Pseudomonas. Ex. Cefaparin, Cefacetrile. |
| Explain the characteristics of Group II cephalosporins. | High activity against Enterobacteriacea. Ex. Cefamandole, Cefotiam, Ceftiofur, etc. |
| What are the characteristics of Group III cephalosporins? | High activity against Pseudomonas and other gram-negative bacteria. Ex. Cefsulodin, Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone. |
| Describe the characteristics of Group IV cephalosporins. | Resistant to beta lactamase. Ex. Cefoxitin, moxalactam, cefmetazole, cefotetan. |
| What are macrolides? | An anti-infective class that inhibits protein synthesis by penetrating the cell wall & binding to 50S ribosome subunits. Most are bacteriostatic & have a broad spectrum of activity. |
| What are penicillins? | A class of anti-infective that is bactericidal; they inhibit mucopeptide synthesis in the cell wall. These drugs are derived from mold. |
| Describe the tetracycline class of anti-infectives. | Usually time-dependent antibiotics. They inhibit protein synthesis by reversably binding to 30S ribosomal subunits. They are bacteriostatic; activity against most mycoplasma, spirochetes, chlamydia & rickettsia. Anti-inflammatory/anti-immodulating too. |
| What are lincosamides? | A broad spectrum class of anti-infectives. Activity against anaerobes, gram-positive aerobic cocci and toxoplasma parasites, etc. Not for horses, rabbits, hamsters or guinea pigs. |
| What are quinolones? | Bactericidal agents; have activity against many gram-negative bacilli and cocci. Not usually recommended for streptococci. |
| Describe sulfonamides. | A class of anti-infective that is bacteriostatic when used alone. They prevent bacterial replication. |
| List adverse effects of aminocyclitols. | ototoxic, nephrotoxic, some not approved for use in cats or food animals. Not absorbed well orally or through intrauterine administration. |
| What are some adverse effects of carbapenems? | GI problems, CNS toxicity, hair loss at injection site. |
| Describe side effects that may occur with cephalosporins. | GI upset; nephrotoxicity; hypersensitivity; pain at injection site; fever; changes in BUN levels; allergic reactions. |
| List side effects from macrolides. | vomiting, pain at injection site, GI problems, allergic reactions. |
| What are side effects of penicillins? | allergic reactions, GI upset, neurotoxicity, hypersensitivity, pain at injection site. |
| Describe the side effects of tetracyclines. | Can cross placenta & enter fetal circulation; increased BUN levels; hepatotoxicity; GI upset; ruminal depression; presence of food, milk & antacids dramatically decrease absorption. NEVER give to horses by IV. |
| List adverse effects of lincosamides. | Can cross placenta; GI upset; pain at injection site. Do not use for rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs or horses. |
| Describe possible side effects of quinolones. | Bacterial resistance, hypersensitivity, cartilage abnormalities in growing animals, lameness in calves, local tissue irritation, seizures, hepatic or renal insufficiency, dehydration, GI upset, CNS stimulation, crystalluria. |
| Explain potential side effects of sulfonamides. | precipitate in urine; KCS; bone marrow depression; GI upset; anemia; tissue irritation; cholestasis; urticaria; polyarthritis; facial swelling; hypothyroidism; polyuria; polydipsia; agranulocytosis; teratogenicity; renal tubule obstruction; crystalluria |
| What are potential side effects of anti-bacterials? | colitis; pain at injection site; GI upset; neuropathies; photosensitivity; hepatotoxicity; hemolytic anemia; thrombocytopenia; neutropenia. |
| Describe the clinical uses of aminocyclitols. | Serious gram-negative infections; intrauterine infusion in mares; septic arthritis in foals; bacterial enteritis; colibacillosis; salmonellosis; reduce microbe # in colon before surgery; hepatic encephalopathy; cystine urolithlithiasis. |
| What are the clinical uses for carbapenems? | Gram-negative bacterial infections when other drugs may pose a risk. |
| Describe the clinical uses of cephalosporins. | Infections caused by sensitive organisms in the respiratory tract, skin, urinary tract, soft tissue, bones & joints; life-threatening gram-negative bacterial infections; some treat gram-positive, including beta-lactamase producing strains. |
| Explain the clinical uses of macrolides. | Bordatella, Heliobacter, rhodococcus equi, esophageal reflux, upper respiratory infections, bovine foot rot, bovine keratoconjunctivitis, colitis in small animals. |
| What are the clinical uses of penicillins? | Wide range of infections in various species: urinary tract; skin & soft tissue infections; canine periodontal disease; bacterial cystitis; hepatobiliary infections; intramammary infusions in dairy cattle; serious systemic infections; Pseudomonas otitis. |
| Describe the clinical uses for tetracyclines. | Water or feed treatments; ophthalmic uses; leptospira; rickettsiae; chlamydia; mycoplasma; bartonella; bordatella; prevention & treatment of periodontal disease; brucellosis. |
| What are some clinical uses for lincosamides? | staphylococcus aureus; toxoplasmosis; anaerobes; gram-positive aerobic cocci; intramammary infusion for dairy cattle; Mannheimia haemolytica; medicated feed agent for swine. |
| Describe some clinical uses of quinolones. | Bacterial infections; BRD; work on a variety of pathogens; wounds & abscesses; gram-negative infections in horses; upper respiratory infections. |
| What are some clinical uses for sulfonamides? | E. coli; colibacillosis in swine; prostate infections; MRSA; skin & soft tissue infections; respiratory, genitourinary, & enteric infections; bacterial pneumonia; fowl cholera; infectious coryza. |
| What are clinical uses for anti-bacterials? | BRD; mycobacterial infections; chemoprophylaxis in small animals; giardia; UTI; mastitis; actinobacillosis; actinomycosis; R. equi; histoplasmosis; swine dysentery; has anti-protozoal effects. |
| List the different antifungal drugs. | amphotericin B; fluconazole; flucytosine; griseofulvin; itraconazole; ketoconazole; nystatin; terbutaline HCl; voriconazole |
| Describe the uses of amphotericin B. | systemic antifungal for serious mycotic infections. |
| What type of fungal infections is caspofungin used for? | invasive aspergillosis or disseminated candida infections. |
| What is the antifungal medication flucytosine used for? | strains of cryptococcus and candida. |
| Describe the use of the antifungal fluconazole. | Used for systemic mycoses (cryptococcal meningitis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis). |
| Explain the use of the antifungal griseofulvin. | dermatophytic fungal infections of the skin, hair & claws; ringworm in horses. |
| What is itraconazole used for? | It is an anti-fungal for systemic mycoses. It is the drug of choice for blastomycosis. |
| Describe the antifungal drug ketoconazole. | Used for fungal infections in small animals (except cats); hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. |
| What are the uses for Nystatin? | it is an oral or GI tract anti-fungal used for candida infections. |
| Describe the uses for terbutaline HCl. | It is for treatment of cardiopulmonary diseases such as tracheobronchitis, collapsing trachea, pulmonary edema, or allergic bronchitis. |
| Explain what voriconazole is used for. | A variety of fungal infections. |
| Explain the uses of the drug acyclovir. | It is an antiviral used for herpes infections in birds; corneal or conjunctival herpes in cats. Lack of information requires caution in veterinary medicine. It may cause GI upset when given orally. |
| Describe the anti-viral uses for amantidine. | It is banned for use in chickens, turkeys & ducks. Useful for treatment of chronic pain. Side effects include agitation, loose stools, flatulence and diarrhea. |
| What is famciclovir used for? | feline herpes infections. It appears to be well tolerated when used for up to three weeks. |
| What is Interferon Alfa? | An antiviral, antiproliferative, immunomodulating drug. No side effects are common in cats. |
| Describe Interferon Omega. | It is an antiviral used to treat feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus in nonterminal stages; canine distemper; canine atopic dermatitis; acute feline calicivirus; feline infectious peritonitis; feline herpetic keratitis. |
| What are side effects associated with Interferon Omega? | decreases in red blood cell, platelet & white blood cell counts; mild diarrhea; increased ALT levels; vomiting. |
| What is Lysine and what is it used for? | It is an antiviral drug used to treat feline herpesvirus (FHV-1). Side effects are unlikely when taken with food. |
| Explain the uses for oseltamivir. | Canine parvovirus infections; studies for equines infected with equine influenza. |
| What is zidovudine? | Antiviral used for FIV; FeLV. Side effects include reduced red blood cells, packed cell volume and hemoglobin; diarrhea; weakness. |
| How are disinfectants and antiseptics used? | To clean & disinfect surgical instruments, anesthetic equipment and kennels; surgical scrub & teat dip. Some disinfectants are gases that are used to sterilize inanimate objects (pillows, blankets, etc). |
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